% A Census of Benton and Related Pantographic Engraving Machines
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% Copyright 2023 by Dr. David M. MacMillan.
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\centerline{A Census of Benton and Related}
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\centerline{Pantographic Engraving Machines}
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{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}\selectfont
\centerline{Dr. David M. MacMillan}
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\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.44\textwidth}
\begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
        {atf-1923-specimen-book-p0010-1200grey-benton-matrix-engraver-crop.jpg}
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\end{minipage}
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\centerline{2023}
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\noindent
\textbf{Dedication}

\noindent
To the memory of
Gregory Jackson Walters (1953--2022),
for his foresight in preserving \emph{two} Benton pantogaphs
and his kindness in allowing me to acquire one of them.

\vspace*{2pc}


\noindent
\textbf{Acknowledgments}

\noindent
I would like to thank several people for their 
help and their generosity in providing information and
materials for this census
and for their care in reviewing it,
including:
Patrick Goossens,
Richard L. Hopkins,
HUANG Junfu (黃俊夫),
Mark Knudsen,
Laurie MacLeod,
the late Dr.~Ludwig Mohr,
NAKANISHI Yasuhito,
Ed Rayher,
Theo Rehak,
Schuyler R. (Sky) Shipley,
Victor Thibout,
the late Gregory Jackson Walters,
and the owner of Benton No.~50.

\noindent
Thanks also to 
the National Science and Technology Museum (Taiwan)
and
the Printing Museum (Tokyo, Japan).

\vspace*{8pc}


\noindent
\textbf{Title Page Image}

\noindent
The image on the title page is from the 
1923 American Type Founders \crTitle{Specimen Book \& Catalogue}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{atf1923}{ATF 1923, 10}}.
Public domain. 

\iffalse
\bigskip
\begin{displayquote}
\textbf{NOTICE:  This is a draft which is currently being circulated
                  for review within the type-making community.
                  Do not rely upon anything in it yet.}
\end{displayquote}
\fi

\vfill

\noindent
\textbf{Copyright}

\noindent
The copyright and licensing terms for this document are complex.
They appear on the next page.

\vspace*{2pc}


\noindent
\textbf{Distribution}

\vspace*{4pt}
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   \noindent
   The current distribution of this document,
   together with its sources and image sources, is here:\\
   {\fontsize{8pt}{8pt}\selectfont
   \url{https://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/pantocut/benton/index.html}\\
   } % end 6pt
} % end 8pt


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% Copyright and Licensing
%------------------------
\newpage
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\noindent
\textbf{Copyright and Licensing}
\medskip

{\fontsize{8pt}{9pt}\selectfont
\noindent
\textbf{Copyright:} Original material not otherwise identified is
\textcopyright\ 2023 by Dr. David M. MacMillan
(\verb|dmm@Lemur.com|).
All third party material so noted is copyright \textcopyright\ by its owners.

\medskip

\noindent
\textbf{License:} 
When distributed as a whole, this document is licensed under the
most restrictive of the licenses of any of its components,
which is either the 
Korean Open Government License
or equivalently the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
(CC-BY-NC-ND) license.
As it is a scholarly paper, noncommercial distribution of it 
in its entirety also meets the requirements of the terms of
permission of the NSTM, Taiwan.
You can always redistribute this document,
unmodified, in its entirety,
noncommercially (BY-NC-ND).

\smallskip
\noindent
However, this document may be disassembled and portions of it may be
re-used under their own licenses.
This may allow you to do more with it.
The source for this document is available to make this process easier.

\smallskip
\noindent
All public domain materials remain in the public domain
and may be re-used without restriction.

\smallskip
\noindent
Original material by the author 
(and third-party material not otherwise noted)
is licensed under the less restrictive
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY).
All photographs without source attribution are by the author.

\smallskip
\noindent
\textbf{\textit{Third-party material licensed under terms more restrictive than
CC-BY may only be re-used under the terms of its license(s).}}
This material is in each case identified and its licensing terms
are stated.
This material has been provided through the kind assistance of
individuals and institutions.
Please respect their licensing terms and do not abuse their generosity.


\medskip





\noindent
\textbf{Some Images with Licenses Other than CC-BY:}\\
This list is provided as a convenience;
it may not be complete.\\
Figs. 
\ref{fig:ScienceMus19951516small},
\ref{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cBridge},
\ref{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cWorkingTable},
\ref{fig:GrantLegros1910},
and
\ref{fig:ScienceMus19951516}
are copyright \textcopyright\ by The Science Museum Group (UK)
and are licensed by them under the 
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 licence.

\noindent
Fig. \ref{fig:ModernAndContemporaryPrintingExhibitionHallImage5}
is copyright \textcopyright\ by the Cheongju Early Printing Museum
and is licensed under the Korean Open Government License,
BY-NC-ND.

\noindent
The photographs by the National Science and Technology Museum, Taiwan
(Figs. \ref{fig:TsugamiTTME3513IDPlate} through
\ref{fig:TsugamiNo198110WithPlacard})
are copyright \textcopyright\ by 
the NSTM
and are licensed under the the following terms:
``The National Science and Technology Museum allows the publication of photos 
of cultural relics of the museum in academic papers,
as long as it is indicated that it is in the collections of the NSTM.''



\noindent
Various photographs generously supplied by others 
are copyright \textcopyright\ by their owners and 
are licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license.
These include:
Figs.~\ref{fig:Type1dAtTallone2016small},
      \ref{fig:InBeijingsmall},
      \ref{fig:Type1dAtTallone2016},
      \ref{fig:ChineseBentonStylePantographBeijing},
      \ref{fig:BentonPantographBeijingName}
(\textcopyright\ by Patrick Goossens / Letter-kunde Press),
Fig.~\ref{fig:BentonNo48ATF1993}
(\textcopyright\ by Richard L. Hopkins),
Figs.~\ref{fig:BentonNo50Circa2011}
through
\ref{fig:BEM50ASingleQuill}
(\textcopyright\ by the owner of BEM No. 50),
and
Figs.~\ref{fig:BEM60BrassTag} 
through
\ref{fig:TheType2bBentonAtSwampPress}
(\textcopyright\ by Ed Rayher / Swamp Press).


} % end fine print

\newpage

% Table of Contents
%------------------

\pagenumbering{roman}
\setcounter{page}{4}

\tableofcontents


\newpage


% Introduction
%-------------------

\pagenumbering{arabic}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
\setcounter{page}{1}

% reduce space in captioned figures
\setlength\intextsep{0pt}
\renewcommand{\figurename}{Fig.}

\subsection{Scope}
\label{subsec:Scope}

This is a census of all known surviving 
Benton single-arm vertical pantographic typographical
engraving machines and of closely related machines
made by others (in Japan, China, and possibly Europe).
It also contains information about the single surviving
Benton horizontal pantograph
(the ``Adcut'' machine),
summaries of what little information we have about
identifiable Benton and related machines which may no longer exist,
and
some information about surviving Benton and Benton-style cutter grinders.

It excludes single-arm vertical typographical pantographs
which were
influenced by Benton 
but differed to some substantial degree
(such as the Pierpont machines used by Monotype
and the later machines used by the American and English
Linotype and Intertype companies).



\subsection{Summary}
\label{subsec:Summary}

Twenty Benton or Benton-style vertical pantographs,\footnote{The
surviving Grant-Legros Punch-Cutter,
which by some arguments could be considered a
``Benton-style'' machine,
is not included in this count.}
one horizontal Benton pantograph,
and seven Benton or Benton-style cutter grinders\footnote{Plus one
in ``parts machine'' condition.}
survive.

\medskip
\noindent
\begin{tabular}{ l l l l }
Type\footnotemark        & Maker           & Made        & Survive     \\
\hline
1a                       & BW              & 0 ≤ x ≤ 2?  &  0          \\
1b                       & BW/ATF          & 11 ≤ x < ?  &  0          \\
1b (Gut. Mus., etc.)     & unknown         & unknown     &  1          \\
1c (Sci. Mus.)           & unknown         & 5 ≤ x < ?   &  1          \\
1d (Tallone)             & unknown         & unknown     &  1          \\
2a                       & ATF             & \verb|~|40 < x < \verb|~|100
                                                         &  6          \\
2b                       & ATF             & incl. in 2a &  2          \\
2b                       & Tsugami \& Fuj. &  x >120     &  8          \\
2c                       & China           &  unknown    &  1          \\
Adcut \& Friends         & ATF/commercial? & ``several'' &  1          \\
1899 Tracing Apparatus   & ATF             &  1          &  0          \\
Wax Plate Pantographs    & ATF?            &  unknown    &  0          \\
Benton Cutter Grinders   & ATF             &  unknown    &  4.5        \\
Tsugami? Cutter Grinders & Tsugami         &  unknown    &  3          \\
\end{tabular}
\footnotetext{For a definition of the ``type'' (as this term is used here), 
see
section \ref{sec:TypesOfBentonVerticalPantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:TypesOfBentonVerticalPantographs}},
on page
\pageref{sec:TypesOfBentonVerticalPantographs}.
Note that this numbering of types is unrelated to other 
recostructions of the history of Benton's pantographs,
such as that in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011}}.
}

\medskip
The rest of this census is basically one long footnote about why
you should not trust any of these numbers.

\vfill

\subsection{A Call For More Information}
\label{subsec:ACallForMoreInformation}

This census can, of course, only contain what is known to me.
There is certainly much more to be discovered.
If you have any additional documented information I would be very
interested in learning of it for possible inclusion, with credit given,
in a revised edition of this census.
If you are in a position to take photographs of any of the surviving
machines, these too would be appreciated.\footnote{Any photograph is
better than no photograph, but the best would be freely shareable
under a Creative Commons license.}
In addition to general photographs of the machines
and their mechanisms,
photographs of the machine numbers on surviving Bentons
would be of great use in confirming their identities.
(See 
section \ref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers}},
on page \pageref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers}
for more information on how to find these numbers on the machine.)
Photographs of cutter grinders and other related equipment would
also be of use.

\medskip
I am of course always interested in learning of
mistakes in or problems with this document,
from the simplest typo (there are probably many)
to the most subtle error in logic or interpretation.


% Why and How
%------------
\section{Why and How}
\label{sec:Why and How}

\subsection{Why a Census?}
\label{subsec:WhyACensus}

Why compile a census at all?
It is useful for at least three major reasons.

First, it gathers together a specific aspect of the history of
the machine
and allows us to understand it better.

Second, it is useful to owners and users of the machine,
including private collectors,
institutions,
and businesses which are still operating it.\footnote{At the time
of writing, one Benton pantograph remains in commercial service.}
When you are responsible for a rare machine
it is always useful to know where the other ones are and who has them.
Knowing about another machine and thus potentially being able to
examine it can mean the difference between success and failure 
in your work.

Third, and perhaps most importantly in the long run,
it is useful to conservators.
Resources are always finite;
you can't save everything.
The knowledge of how common or rare a machine is plays a large part
in determining how you will allocate your resources:
How much attention will you give to a particular machine?
What kind of attention?
How urgently? 
Etc.

A census is a necessary preliminary step in preserving and using
these machines now and in the future.

\subsection{How Do We Know?}
\label{subsec:HowDoWeKnow}

The single most common question asked of a census such as this,
of a rare, important, but very poorly documented group of machines
is ``but how do you know?''

The answer is simple:  mostly you don't.  
We will never know with complete certainty.
But that doesn't make the effort any less important.

The scarcity of the evidence makes it more important than ever
to be cautious with claims and to indicate clearly the
distinction between what we have evidence for and what 
remains speculation (however likely that speculation might be).
For example, while it is very likely that the pantograph sold by
American Type Founders (ATF)
to the National Printing Bureau of Japan in 1912 was a Type 2 machine,
at present there is no evidence one way or the other.
It is possible that ATF sold an older Type 1 machine.
This should be stated clearly in the discussion of this machine.

Considered more deeply, a census brings an opportunity to do
careful scientific research.
The model of science first articulated by Karl Popper\footnote{Popper's
work is out of favor at the moment, 
but it is the only model which works.
The competing school of thought, derived from the work of Thomas Kuhn,
says a great deal about the sociology and psychology of scientists
but has nothing at all to say about science itself.}
is useful here.
This model is based upon the realization that outside of mathematics
you can never prove the truth, but you can demonstrate falsity.
Science consists of any body of statements that are possible, 
in some way, to show to be false (and of course once a statement
is shown to be false it is excluded from science).

So for example if I say that there are eight surviving Benton vertical
pantographs, this is a scientific statement.
It can be shown to be false quite easily by discovering the ninth
surviving machine.
If that happens, then we would say that there are nine surviving
machines and wait for this statement, in turn, to be shown to be false
upon the discovery of the tenth.
This discovery may or may not ever happen.
Science is always provisional;
so is this census.






\section{Types of Benton Vertical Pantographs}
\label{sec:TypesOfBentonVerticalPantographs}

There were two main types of Linn Boyd Benton's vertical pantographic
engraving machines
(with variations between instances and/or models of each).

\subsection{Type 1 Machines (1884/5 Patent)}
\label{subsec:Type1Machines18845Patent}

\subsubsection{Type 1a, As Shown in the Patent}
\label{subsubsec:Type1aAsShownInThePatent}

The first of these is the type described in his 
US patent of 1885, number 332,990 (filed February 29, 1884).
It is distinguished by having a fixed cutting spindle 
(based clearly on the spindle of an American watchmaker's 
lathe\footnote{Benton's patent actually calls it a ``lathe-head.''})
with a workpiece mounted above the spindle and facing downward.
While these patent images have been widely reproduced,
the patent is the \emph{only} evidence we have for the appearance
of this machine.
There is no evidence at all, one way or the other, 
as to whether any machine of this constructional style was ever built.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-uk-boult-1885-11894-punch-cutting-1200rgb-drawing-01-crop-overall.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{1885 Patent\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:Benton1885Patent}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.505\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-uk-boult-1885-11894-punch-cutting-1200rgb-drawing-01-crop-spindle.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{1885 Spindle}
   \label{fig:Benton1885Spindle}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\footnotetext{This image and the next are taken from the UK filing of
Benton's patent,
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1885b}{Benton 1885b}}, UK No.~11,894 of 1885,
because I was able to do a high-resolution scan of it from a copy
supplied by Mark Knudsen, who in turn acquired it from Monroe Postman.
Public domain.
The digitization of US 332,990 from the USPTO is terrible.}~%
\end{center}


\vfill


\subsubsection{Type 1b, As Sold}
\label{subsubsec:Type1bAsSold}

\begin{wrapfigure}[19]{r}{.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]%
        {inlandpri111218931894chic_0221-crop-pantograph.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \captionof{figure}{1891/1893\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonType1b18911893}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{lbbenton1893}{[Benton] \crMinorTitle{L. B. Benton} 1893, 237}}.
Image from the Smithsonian Institution's scan.
Public domain.
This is the earliest photograph of a Benton pantograph known.}

While Benton was clearly using his pantographic engraving machine 
by 1884,\footnote{In July of 1884 a trade note 
based on information supplied by
Benton, Waldo \& Co. appeared in 
\crTitle{The Inland Printer} in which they claim 
``to have perfected a machine for cutting punches for original characters
for type foundries in steel''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1884}{Benton 1884}}.}
the first visual or otherwise tangible evidence we have of it dates
to circa 1891 in a pamphlet published by Benton, Waldo \& Co.
See
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 68}}.
This same photograph was published in 1893 in an anonymous
article in \crTitle{The Inland Printer}
about Benton
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{lbbenton}{[Benton] L. B. Benton 1893, 237}}.\footnote{Slightly
later, the drawing of this machine in DeVinne's
\crTitle{The Practice of Typography}
is clearly based on this photograph
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{devinne1900}{DeVinne 1900, 351}}.}
It is kinematically identical to the form of the machine shown in the
1884/5 patent, but it differs considerably in details of construction.
Most notably, it is supported on two standards, not one.

We have evidence that the first machine to be sold by Benton, Waldo \& Co.
was serial no. 3, sold on 1889-02-13
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}}.
While it is not absolutely certain,
it is reasonable to assume that this 1889 sale was of a machine of
this form advertised in 1891.

\medskip
This first type of machine,
from its beginnings, would be equally suited for engraving
both patrices in soft metal\footnote{That is,
original ``pattern types'' intended for the electroforming of matrices.
The singular of this term is ``patrix.''
Think of it as something like punch,
but cut by hand or by machine in a soft metal such as 
lead-tin-antimony alloy somewhat softer than most typemetals.
This term may be unfamiliar to many.
In the period from the mid-19\textsuperscript{th} through the
mid-20\textsuperscript{th} centuries,
when this technique was common,
there was no generally accepted term;
``patrix'' is only one of several options.
The great Canadian typemaker Jim Rimmer used this term, though,
and if it was good enough for him it is good enough for me.
}
and punches in steel.\footnote{As shown by
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1884}{Benton 1884}}.}
It should be noted that it is clear both from the evidence of
William Gregan (via Theo Rehak) presented in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 73}}
and from a general knowledge of the wide use of 
electroforming from patrices in the late 19\textsuperscript{th}
through the 20\textsuperscript{th} centuries\footnote{The cutting
of original designs as patrices in soft metal for matrix electroforming
was, from the 1940s, erased from the narrative of typemaking
in American sources.
It was in fact not only an important method but 
at times and above certain sizes the dominant method.
This invisibility,
which does not exist in, for example, the German literature,
has significantly distorted the American understanding of
the history of typemaking.
For a preliminary discussion of this issue and a presentation of
the evidence, see the CircuitousRoot Notebook
\crMinorTitle{The Issue of Patrix Cutting in Soft Metal} at
\url{https://circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/the-issue-of-patrix-cutting-in-soft-metal/index.html}.
For a brief semi-technical overview of the literature for 
pre-pantographic hand methods, see the CircuitousRoot Notebook
\crMinorTitle{Patrix Cutting in Soft Metal by Hand:
A Survey of the Technical Literature} at
\url{https://circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/literature/patrix-cutting/index.html}.
I regret that I do not have a corresponding Notebook for
pantographic methods.
It has been very difficult to discover information about them.}
that Benton was also cutting patrices in soft metal on this machine.
Other than small details which do not change the 
overall machine\footnote{These could involve:
changes for workholding,
possibly minor changes in cutter geometry,
and possible changes in cutter speed
(although the cutter speeds on these machines were always vastly
lower than speeds used in modern engraving).}
there is no inherent difference between a pantograph used for
cutting patrices in soft metal and one for punches in steel.
In theory, with minor adaptations
a pantograph of Benton's first type could
even have been used for direct matrix engraving
(but I am aware of no evidence that this was done).

I will refer to machines of this kinematic design 
and this constructional style
as ``Type 1b''
Benton or Benton-style vertical pantographic engraving machines.



\subsubsection{Type 1c, At Monotype (UK)}
\label{subsubsec:Type1cAtMonotypeUK}

\begin{wrapfigure}[13]{r}{0.25\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.25\textwidth]%
        {science-museum-1995-1516-large_SMG00133129__0001_.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{Monotype\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ScienceMus19951516small}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sciencemuseumgroup19951516}{Science Museum Group 1995-1516}}.
These images are \emph{not} licensed under the same terms as the 
rest of this document.
It is copyright \textcopyright\ by The Science Museum Group (UK)
and is licensed by them under the Creative Commons 
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.
This license is more restrictive than that of the rest of this document.}

The Lanston Monotype Corporation, Ltd. in England
(always a separate firm from the Lanston Monotype Machine Company
in Philadelphia)
employed what appear to be Type 1 Benton pantographs.
Several photographs show these and one actual machine survives.
However, these machines differ in construction details from the
Type 1b pantographs seen earlier.
It is not yet clear whether these were actual Benton pantographs
(that is, machines made either by Benton, Waldo \& Company or
by ATF)
or whether they were copies made by or for Monotype.
For now, I'll call these ``Type 1c'',
though it must be emphasized that at our present state of knowledge
it is not clear that these Monotype (UK) machines 
are genuine Benton, Waldo \& Co. or ATF manufactured Bentons.

The surviving machine
will be discussed later in
section \ref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}
on
page \pageref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}}.
Here are two of the details which differentiate it from 
Type 1b machines.

Most importantly, its spindle is mounted on a complete ``bridge''\footnote{The
correct term for this component may be ``head.''
I am still investigating the nomenclature of the Benton.}
between the two standards
(as opposed to being mounted from one side).
See Fig. \ref{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cBridge},
below left.
It also has a much larger and heavier working table
and a cylindrical boss of unknown (to me) purpose on the left standards.
See Fig. \ref{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cWorkingTable},
below right.


\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}%
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {science-museum-1995-1516-large_SMG00133129__0001-crop-bridge.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 1c, ``Bridge''\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cBridge}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}%
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {science-museum-1995-1516-large_SMG00133129__0001-crop-table.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 1c, Working Table}
   \label{fig:ScienceMuseum19951516Type1cWorkingTable}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sciencemuseumgroup19951516}{Science Museum Group 1995-1516}}.
These images are \emph{not} licensed under the same terms as the 
rest of this document.
They are copyright \textcopyright\ by The Science Museum Group (UK)
and are licensed by them under the Creative Commons 
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.
This license is more restrictive than that of the rest of this document.}



There is no information as to when the manufacture of this first
style of pantograph ended.
By 1909, an article on 
\crMinorTitle{Modern Automatic Type Making Methods} at ATF was illustrating
a Type 2a Benton pantograph
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909, 1043}}.
Word traveled slowly, though,
and in 1916 Legros \& Grant 
were describing a Type 1 Benton pantograph
in detail as ``the'' Benton pantograph
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{legrosgrant1916}{Legros \& Grant 1916, 196--204}}.

\vfill

\subsubsection{Type 1d, Now At Tallone}
\label{subsubsec:Type1dNowAtTallone}

This pantograph is currently at the Atelier Tipografico (typographic studio)
of
Alberto Tallone Editore.
Its main entry in this Census is in
section \ref{subsec:TalloneEditore},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TalloneEditore}},
on page \pageref{subsec:TalloneEditore}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.7\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {pantograph-type-1-at-tallone-patrick-goossens-2016-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 1d, at Tallone, 2016\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:Type1dAtTallone2016small}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{Photograph copyright \textcopyright\ by
Patrick Goossens, Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.
License:  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (BY-NC) 4.0 International.
My thanks to Patrick for supplying this image.}

This is an interesting and slightly hybrid style of machine.
Kinematically, it is a Type 1 machine
with a ``bridge'' [head?] holding the cutting spindle
as in the Type 1c machines at Monotype (UK).
But rather than being supported on two standards going all the way
to the floor, as in Types 1b and 1c,
it has a distinct table and base unit
which resembles the Benton Type 2 machines.
At present I know nothing of its origins
and have not yet discovered historical records of similar machines.



\subsubsection{Grant-Legros}
\label{subsubsec:Grant-Legros}

Lucien Alphonse Legros was a French engineer working in England
who was involved in a number of typecasting and typographical
machinery projects.
John Cameron Grant was a writer and poet.
In 1910,
their firm introduced a punch-cutting pantograph based on
Benton's
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{legrosgrant1916}{Legros \& Grant 1916, 206--208 \& Plate IX}}.
It is a matter of judgment and opinion 
as to whether this machine 
should be classified as a ``Benton-style'' pantograph 
or as a distinct machine in its own right.
I have chosen to exclude it from the class of ``Benton-style'' machines
(and hence from this census)
and to consider it as a machine in its own right
because Legros and Grant sold it under their own name
and emphasized their own production process in its use.
Reasonable opinion may differ.

One Grant-Legros machine survives, acquired by the Science Museum in 1937
(Object Number 1937-91).
They identify it as having been constructed by
Williams Engineering Co., Ltd
(At their Nodis Works, Ealing.
Williams was an important maker of typecasting machinery and tools).

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {legros-grant-1916-plate-009-1200grey-fig-163-grant-legros-punchcutter-resize-5pct-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Grant-Legros, 1916\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:GrantLegros1916}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{legrosgrant1916}{Legros \& Grant 1916, Plate IX facing p. 208.}}  Public domain.}%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {grant-legros-science-museum-object-number-1937-91-large_1937_0091-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Grant-Legros, 1910\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:GrantLegros1910}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sciencemuseumgroup19370091}{Science Museum Group 1937-0091}}.
This image is \emph{not} licensed under the same terms as the 
rest of this document.
It is copyright \textcopyright\ by The Science Museum Group (UK)
and is licensed by them under the Creative Commons 
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.
This license is more restrictive than that of the rest of this document.}
\end{center}





\newpage
\subsection{Type 2 Machines (1899/1906 Patent)}
\label{subsec:Type2Machines18991906Patent}

\subsubsection{Type 2a, ATF, Tsugami, Fujikoshi; Type 2b, ATF}
\label{subsubsec:Type2aATFTsugami}

Benton's second type of vertical pantographic engraving machine
dates to his 1906 US patent, number 809,548 (filed February 17, 1899).
This version is kinematically inverted from the 
Type 1 design,
with the workpiece held fixed underneath a moving cutting head.\footnote{His
1884/5 patent did allow for the ``change [of] the relative
positions of the work and the tool, making
the work stationary and the cutting-tool movable'' (p. 4, lines 56--58),
but that feels very much like the wording of a patent lawyer
trying to expand the scope of the patent.
Benton's 1899/1906 patent goes much further.}
The cutting head (``quill'' in ATF terminology but not in the patent)
is constrained to move in a two-dimensional plane
just as the workpiece was in the 1884/5 design.

I will refer to machines of this kinematic design as ``Type 2''
Benton vertical pantographic engraving machines.

A machine of this type could be used for cutting
patrices in soft metal and
punches in steel,
and for the direct engraving of matrices.
The patent itself spends considerable time on the subject of
workholding for direct matrix engraving
and these machines were best known as matrix engraving machines.
However, the Type 2 Machine No.~55, formerly of the Dale Guild and now at the
Letter-kunde Press in Antwerp,
has been used both for matrix and punch engraving.

\iffalse
LEAVE OUT.  BIT ABOUT NO HAND CUTTING IS WRONG
(see email by Theo to me 2023-03-08).

\footnote{It cut
matrices directly at the Dale Guild and is still used for
that purpose in Antwerp.
One of the holders associated with it, however, is for holding
punch or patrix blanks.
In general ATF continued patrix cutting far longer than is
realized.
For example, the matrices for 60 point Goudy Handtooled Italic (ATF 476),
which are in the possession of the author,
are electroformed.
This face dates to 1922
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{mcgrew1993}{McGrew 1993, 163--163}}.
To be clear,
the fact that these matrices are electroformed is not itself
sufficient evidence to prove that they were electroformed from
original patrices. 
(These patrices would have been machine-cut;
it is safe to assume that there was no hand-cutting being done
at ATF in the 1920s).
It is possible that they could be replacement matrices which were
electroformed from types cast from earlier matrices which were
directly cut by machine.
However, as a matter of opinion, I do not think that this scenario
is likely.
}
\fi

Fig. \ref{fig:MatrixJig}, below, shows a matrix jig for 
machine No. 55.\footnote{It has been removed from the machine
and I was checking the current depth of cut of the matrix.}
Fig. \ref{fig:PorPJig} shows a jig for the same machine
which is capable of holding either a punch or a patrix.
Fig. \ref{fig:Patrix} shows this same jig with the engraved patrix 
removed.\footnote{The pinmark suggests that this patrix began life as
a pivotal-cast quad.}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-5007-matrix-holder-with-mat-being-measured-for-depth-of-cut-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Matrix Jig}
   \label{fig:MatrixJig}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-2758-punch-or-patrix-holder-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{P or P Jig}
   \label{fig:PorPJig}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-0525-punch-or-patrix-holder-with-patrix-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Patrix}
   \label{fig:Patrix}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

These Type 2 pantographs were made in at least two distinct models,
a smaller one and a larger one.
There are probably variations along the way;
``smaller'' and ``larger'' may be inadequate characterizations.
Aside from their greater height, the larger machines are distinguished
by a horizontal bar connecting the two vertical bars which 
are used to adjust one direction of the top gimbal 
to allow for expanding and condensing the design.\footnote{This
mechanism for adjusting the gimbal is also present on the smaller
Type 2a machines, but the amount of its travel is much smaller.}
But this horizontal bar differs in design between
Machine No.~60/63 (Swamp Press / Rayher) and Machine No.~99
(Printing Stewards, ex-Gregory Jackson Walters).
Each of the surviving Bentons is in some sense unique.
Pending further refinement as these machines are better documented,
I'll call the smaller style ``Type 2a'' and the larger style 
``Type 2b.''

\clearpage

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {atf-1923-specimen-book-p0010-1200grey-benton-matrix-engraver-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 2a, ATF 1923\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:Type2aATF1923}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\footnotetext{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{atf1923}{ATF 1923, 10}}.
Public domain.}~~~~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-and-99-dmm-2021-4981-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 2, Small \& Large\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:Type2SmallAndLarge}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, August 6, 2021.}

Figure \ref{fig:Type2aATF1923} shows a Type 2a machine as illustrated in the
1923 ATF specimen book.
Figure \ref{fig:Type2SmallAndLarge} shows 
Machine No.~53 (left, greenish, short, Type 2a)
next to Machine No.~99 (right, black, tall, Type 2b)
as they were in 2021 at the foundry of Gregory Jackson Walters.



\subsubsection{Type 2c, China}
\label{subsubsec:Type2cChina}

\begin{wrapfigure}[6]{r}{0.25\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]%
      {china-printing-museum-pantograph-patrick-goossens-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{In Beijing\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:InBeijingsmall}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photograph copyright \textcopyright\ by
Patrick Goossens, Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.
License:  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (BY-NC) 4.0 International.
My thanks to Patrick for supplying this image.}


At present this is the only substantive variant
of the Type 2a Benton of which I am aware
(the Tsugami and Fujikoshi machines may differ from genuine Bentons,
but to a smaller degree).
It is still clearly a Type 2 Benton-style machine,
but it is built upon a massive base.

For further discussion of these, see
section
\ref{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs},\\
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs}},
on page
\pageref{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs}.







\section{Benton Production Dates and Quantities}
\label{sec:BentonProductionDatesAndQuantities}

\subsection{Type 1 Machine Dates}
\label{subsec:Type1MachineDates}

As noted earlier, there is no evidence that a Type 1a machine
with the same construction style as Benton's 1884/5 patent\footnote{That is,
with a single standard and a spindle based on a
watchmaker's lathe headstock.}
was ever built.
The only evidence we have for it comes from the patent.
Outside of the patent drawings, no source showing its construction
in this form has ever been published.
On the other hand, there is no evidence 
that one or more were not constructed in this form.
It is likely that at least one was,
as patent drawings of the period tended to be taken from actual machines ---
but we just don't know.

\medskip
The earliest surviving visual evidence we have for a Benton vertical
pantograph is an undated pamphlet
from circa 1891\footnote{This date is presumed by Cost.}
by Benton, Waldo \& Co.\footnote{The cover of the pamphlet says
``Benton, Waldo Type Foundry''.}
entitled 
\crMinorTitle{Benton's Punch Engraving Machine.}
The cover of this pamphlet shows a photograph of a Type 1b machine.
This cover is reproduced in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 68}},
but I do not have permission to reprint that here.
The same photograph was published in 1893 in \crTitle{The Inland Printer}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{lbbenton1893}{[Benton] L. B. Benton 1893, 237}}.
For this see 
Fig. \ref{fig:BentonType1b18911893} 
on page 
\pageref{fig:BentonType1b18911893} previously
or Fig. \ref{fig:BentonType1b18911893Again}
on page \pageref{fig:BentonType1b18911893Again} to follow.

The first machine offered for sale or lease was No.~3,\footnote{See 
section \ref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs}},
on p. \pageref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs} 
for more information.}
offered to the Mergenthaler Printing Company
(predecessor to the Mergenthaler Linotype Company) 
on Feb. 13, 1889.

The latest Type 1 machine we know by chronological serial number
is No.~10, sold on May 19, 1890 to the Rogers Typograph Company
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}}.
The latest machine we have evidence of is one sold in
August 1890 to the Lanston Type-Machine Company
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 69.}}
Certainly more Type 1 machines must have been sold later,
but we have no information about them.

So all of the sales information we have for Type 1 Benton pantographs
dates from the period 1889-02-13 (serial no. 3)\footnote{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}}.}
through 1890-11-03 (serial number unknown, but greater than 10).\footnote{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 69}},}
The earliest visual evidence postdates this.
So at one extreme it is possible that all of the early sales
through circa 1891 were Type 1a machines.
At the other extreme,
it is possible that zero through two machines were of Type 1a
and that all of the machines sold were Type 1b.
This is in my opinion much more likely,
but this is only an opinion.


\medskip
Thirty-one years after this first published photograph, 
Henry Lewis Bullen published a photograph
of a Benton Type 1b pantograph which he said was in the
Typographic Library and Museum of ATF.\footnote{This library was
his creation.}
He asserted, further, that this machine was serial number 2.
The problem of course is that this account is by Bullen
and his word cannot be trusted.
It is probably not unreasonable to assume that this machine
was in the ATF library,
but the assertion that it was machine serial number 2 cannot
be relied upon.
His further claim about punchcutting in steel reflects his
early and entirely fictitious story about the origins of
Benton's cutting punches in steel.\footnote{Briefly:
In Bullen's 1922 biographical article on Linn Boyd Benton
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1922}{Bullen 1922}}
he presents a story which has P. T. Dodge of the Mergenthaler company
convincing an unwilling Benton to try cutting punches in steel
(vs patrices in soft metal).  Bullen's story is elaborate,
with dialog and specific dollar amounts,
but it cannot be true.
We know that the ``Blower'' Linotype went in to service in 1886
using electroformed matrices because punchcutting by hand in steel
was too expensive
and Ottmar Mergenthaler and the Mergenthaler Printing Company did not then
know any way to cut punches by machine in steel.
Carl Schlesinger's research finds electroformed matrices in use with
the Linotype through at least August of 1886
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{mergenthaler1989}{Mergenthaler 1989, 103--106}}.
We also know from the Mergenthaler Printing Company annual report
issued January 1888 that the Mergenthaler company had 
``recently completed [a contract] with Benton, Waldo \& Co.,
of Milwaukee, for the mechanical cutting of these dies [punches]''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{goble1984}{quoted in Goble 1984, 87}}.
So Bullen's story, if it were true, would have had to have taken place
in the late 1886 through 1887 timeframe.
But in July 1884, two to three years earlier,
a trade note from Benton, Waldo \& Co. had appeared
in \crTitle{The Inland Printer} claiming the ability to cut punches
in steel by machine
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1884}{Benton 1884}}.
Bullen's story is a complete fabrication.
}


On the other hand, Bullen's assertion that the Mergenthaler Printing Company
purchased machine number 3 in 1889 is confirmed by the extract from
the Benton, Waldo \& Co. ``day book'' reprinted in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}}.


Reproduced on the next page
are the two known photographs of Benton Type 1b pantographs.

\vfill

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.39\textwidth}%
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {inland-printer-vol-072-no-06-1924-03-bullen-linotype-pt2-1200rgb-0937-benton-pantograph-photograph-recrop-machine-and-caption.jpg}
   \caption{Maybe Benton No.~2\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:MaybeBentonNo2}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1924}{Bullen 1924, 937}}.
Scanned by DMM from an original copy.  Public domain.}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.59\textwidth}%
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {inlandpri111218931894chic_0221-crop-pantograph.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{1891/1893\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonType1b18911893Again}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{lbbenton1893}{[Benton] \crMinorTitle{L. B. Benton} 1893, 237}}.
Smithsonian Institution's scan.
Public domain.}

To the best of my knowledge,
these two photographs are the only surviving evidence of the
appearance of the Type 1b Benton pantograph.\footnote{But
see 
section \ref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInGermany},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInGermany}},
on page \pageref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInGermany}
for Type 1b style machines in Germany which may or may not be
US manufactured Bentons.
Both the drawings in 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{legrosgrant1916}{Legros \& Grant 1916, 196--204}}
and the woodcut in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{mahr1928}{Mahr 1928}}
are interpretations.
The ``Type 1c'' machines at the Lanston Monotype Corporation, Ltd. (UK)
are slightly different in construction
and may not be by Benton/ATF.
}
This is a tiny quantity of information both in absolute terms
and in proportion to the extraordinary fame of this machine.


\subsection{Type 1 Machine Quantities}
\label{subsec:Type1MachineQuantitiess}

Rehak indicates that the early Benton vertical pantograph
machine numbers were ``chronological''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107}}.
As noted earlier,
the highest chronological machine number known 
is 10 (sold on May 19, 1890).
To this we can probably add the one sold in August 1890
to Lanston.
So at least 11 Type 1 Benton vertical pantographs were built.
Of course, the real number is almost certainly higher than this.

Additional information on several machines could add to this number.
These include:

\noindent
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=0pt]
\item The surviving Type 1b machine once displayed at
      The Gutenberg Museum, Mainz.

\item The 13 Type 1b machines 
      which were probably at the Stempel foundry in Germany prior to 1914.

%See section \ref{subsec:CopiesInGermany},
%on potential Benton copies
%``\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:CopiesInGermany}},''
%p. \pageref{subsec:CopiesInGermany}
%for more about these.

\item The five (minimum number)
      Type 1c machines at the English Monotype firm 
      from before 1910,
      including one survivor (Sci. Mus. Obj. 1995-1516).

%See section \ref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland},\\
%\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}},
%on page \pageref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}
%for more on these.

\item The single Type 1d machine surviving at Alberto Tallone Editore.

\end{itemize}

\subsection{Type 2 Machine Dates}
\label{subsec:Type2MachineDates}

All of the surviving machines are of Type 2,
so the filing date of Benton's 1899/1906 patent
gives an approximate \textit{terminus post quem}
for their dates of manufacture.

Rehak said in 1993 that all surviving machines were manufactured
prior to 1912\footnote{He also notes that no machines were
produced after 1924, though there were
``small refittings and upgrading \ldots\ into the late 1930s.''}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107}}.
However, this probably does not include the two surviving
machines in Japan,
which were ordered in 1921 and 1922.
In 1993 there was no information available in the west
to indicate that they had survived.

\subsection{Type 2 Machine Quantities}
\label{subsec:Type2MachineQuantitiess}

Rehak says that
``other [ATF] records show that nearly three dozen were
produced and eventually sold or leased''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107}}.
This figure presumably includes both types 1 and 2.
It does not include machines retained by ATF for their own use.

Rehak also indicates that
``those machines that still exist\footnote{All of which are Type 2.}
are numbered
in the forties upward but are not chronological,
and all of them date prior to 1912''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107, 109}},
Surviving machine numbers are:  48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 60 or 63, 62?, and 99.
These are not chronological serial numbers
and there may have been gaps in the numbering.
But if machines were produced to 1924, as Rehak says,
then higher machine numbers might (or might not) have existed
for machines produced in the 1913--1924 timeframe.

Very few views of the engraving department at ATF exist.
Here are two views of the same matrix engraving
room at ATF from around 1912.


\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {atf-central-plant-ca1912-2002reprint-0016-2400rgb-punch-and-matrix-department-rot90ccw-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{ATF Engraving Department, circa 1912\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ATFEngravingDepartmentCirca1912}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{atf1912b}{ATF 1912b/2002}}}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {atf-1912-american-specimen-book-1200rgb-0000-09-pantographs-crop1-matrix-cutting.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{ATF Matrix Cutting Machines, by 1912\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ATFMatrixCuttingMachinesBy1912}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{atf1912a}{ATF 1912a, ix}}}

\newpage
Fig. \ref{fig:ATFEngravingDepartmentCirca1912},
on the previous page,
is the photograph which
shows the greatest number of pantographs at once.
It is from an undated (but probably circa 1912) booklet of 
views of the ATF Central Plant.
Working from right to left, it shows five Type 2a machines clearly.
The next machine (in front of the column) is a Type 2b.
Then there are three machines which are very difficult to distinguish.
The first and third of them might be Type 1b machines.
It is impossible to make out what the second might be.

Fig. \ref{fig:ATFMatrixCuttingMachinesBy1912}
shows the same room from a different angle.
It appeared in the 1912 ATF 
\crTitle{American Specimen Book of Type Styles}.
By comparing it to the first it becomes apparent that there were 
six (not five) Type 2a pantographs installed.
The one on the far right in Fig. \ref{fig:ATFMatrixCuttingMachinesBy1912}
was just out of the shot in Fig. \ref{fig:ATFEngravingDepartmentCirca1912}.

But as interesting as these photographs are,
they don't provide any conclusive evidence of minimum production
numbers.
It is possible (unlikely, but certainly possible) that 
the six machines at ATF in 1912 include one or more
of the Nos. 49, 61, and 62
which were sold to Japan.

\bigskip
So we have actual evidence only for a total of ten:
two lost machines sold to Japan
and the eight surviving machines.

The presence of a machine number of 99 
on a machine
manufactured before 1912 (according to Rehak),
when Rehak says that production continued until 1924,
does suggest the possibility that 100 or more were produced.
But these machine numbers are not chronological serial numbers
and so this argument is not conclusive.


All in all the information is very incomplete and it is not
possible to give an estimate of the total production of Type 2
machines with any degree of certainty.

\subsection{Total Vertical Machine Quantities}
\label{subsec:TotalVerticalMachineQuantitiess}

If you want a firm minimum number of machines constructed
by Benton \& Waldo or ATF,
for which solid evidence exists, 
that number is 21 (11 Type 1 and 10 Type 2).
This is obviously too low.

If we take Rehak's ``nearly three dozen'' to mean 35\footnote{As
close to three dozen as ``nearly'' gets you.}
machines \emph{sold}
and add to it the five which are known not to have been sold,\footnote{Because
they were finally sold at auction in 1993.}
then the total would be 40.

The actual number is probably higher than this,
but we do not know how much higher.
With the evidence presently known,
the best we can do is to say
``probably more than 40 but no more than the low 100s.''
To judge from the (quite small)
number of machines that ATF tended to keep in operation
in their own engraving department,
a lower figure in this range is more likely.



\subsection{Horizontal Machine Quantities}
\label{subsec:HorizontalMachineQuantitiess}

Rehak says that Benton 
``built and enhanced a small number of pantograph engraving machines''
to accept the same quill as the vertical machines.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107}}.
Of these, only one survives:  the ``Adcut'' machine.
It has a machine number of 5,
but as discussed elsewhere this is not a serial number.
There is also a single ephemeral reference to a ``new''
Adcut Machine No.~1 in 1930.
(See 
section \ref{subsec:ModifiedMachinesAndTheAdcutMachine},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:ModifiedMachinesAndTheAdcutMachine}},
on page 
\pageref{subsec:ModifiedMachinesAndTheAdcutMachine}
for a discussion of this.)
So the best we can say is that
``some'' were made or modified from commercial sources
and that one survives.

\medskip
It would appear that only one Tracing Apparatus\footnote{For reasons
discussed later, I am not calling this machine the
``Benton Delineator''
in this Census,
although Rehak's use of this term suggests that this is what
it was called at ATF.}
was constructed,
It does not survive.

\medskip
No information exists as to how many wax-plate pantographs were
made by Benton.
It is possible that this was a commercial unit;
we have no information about its design or manufacture.
None survive.


% Benton Pantograph Exports
%--------------------------
\section{Benton Pantograph Exports}
\label{sec:BentonPantographExports}

% The Benton Vertical Pantograph In Japan
%----------------------------------------
\subsection{The Benton Vertical Pantograph In Japan}
\label{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan}

\medskip
Note:  ``Benton,'' phonetically in
katakana characters, is: ベントン . 
In kanji, 活字 (katsuji) is ``type.''
This can be very useful in searching online.
\medskip

Yuki Akari (雪 朱里)\footnote{This is a Japanese name
presented in the traditional order.
The family name is Yuki (雪).}
has done substantial and important research
into the history of ATF-manufactured Bentons imported into Japan
(as well as the Tsugami copies of the Benton manufactured in Japan).
My account here is based primarily on her work.

If I understand Yuki's research correctly,\footnote{I may not.
I am relying upon Google's machine translation to read her
work, which is in Japanese.
Any errors here are my own.}
a total of four USA-manufactured Benton pantographs
were exported to Japan by ATF.
Two of these survive:
at the company museum of the Sanseido publishing house
and at the Printing Museum in Tokyo (associated with the
Toppan printing firm).

The Tsugami and Fujikoshi copies of the Benton were not produced
until after the Second World War.
They will be discussed later, in
section \ref{sec:TsugamiAndFujikoshiPantographs}.




\subsubsection{National Printing Bureau, 1912}
\label{subsubsec:NationalPrintingBureau1912}

Yuki says that the first of these pantographs was purchased 
from ATF in 1912\footnote{More specifically,
Yuki says Meiji 48, which ended on July 30, 1912.
So this machine must have been imported in the first half of 1912.}
by the Japanese government's
[National] Printing Bureau.\footnote{国立印刷局 
[Kokuritsu Insatsu-kyoku, National Printing Bureau.]
See the English-language Wikipedia page for this Bureau at
\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Printing_Bureau} .
This is the current name of this institution.
I do not know what its name was in 1912, as it has undergone
several mergers and changes of name.
See the English-language history page on its website at:
\url{https://www.npb.go.jp/en/guide/enkaku.html} .}
See
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki122019}{Yuki No.~12 2019}};
Yuki in turn cites a 1943 history of the Printing Bureau
by the Printing Bureau itself.

Few details are known about this machine.
It was probably a Type 2 machine (see below),
but even this is not completely certain.
It does not survive.\footnote{The typographical pantograph
that the museum does have on display is a Tsugami from 1956.
See section \ref{subsubsec:BanknoteAndPostageStampMuseum},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsubsec:BanknoteAndPostageStampMuseum}},
on page \pageref{subsubsec:BanknoteAndPostageStampMuseum}.}

The National Printing Bureau has a museum,
お札と切手の博物館
[Osatsu to kitte no hakubutsukan,
Museum of Banknotes and Stamps;
but ``Banknote \& Postage Stamp Museum,'' 
in English, on their website].\footnote{See the museum's history page at
\url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/about/history.html}}
In 2014 this museum held an exhibition on 
the National Printing Bureau's creation of typefaces.
The flyer for this exhibition discusses the Bureau's 
acquisition of a Benton pantograph in 1912 and shows an old photo of a 
Type 2a Benton pantograph in operation at the Bureau.
The citation for the photograph is not explicit,
but it is likely that this is the machine acquired in 1912
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{npb2014}{NPB 2014, 7}}.

\subsubsection{Bauer's Diary}
\label{subsubsec:BauersDiary}

In \crTitle{Practical Typecasting},
Theo Rehak mentions the journey of ATF foreman John Bauer
to deliver pantographs to Japan.
He also prints a photograph of the tattered and incomplete cover and
a portion of the title page of a diary kept by Bauer.\footnote{It is
subtitled ``Records \& Diary.''
Rehak further indicates that it is incomplete.}
Rehak says that two machines were sold to Japan in the early 1920s,
but the cover of this diary may indicate three
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107, Fig. 32 on p. 109}}.

The fragments shown in Rehak's photograph are brief but complex.

The incomplete cover has the title
\crMinorTitle{MATRIX E \ldots\ MACHINE \# \ldots}\enskip
To this a later hand has added the number 62.

Continuing to the title page, 
it looks as if it was first titled
\crMinorTitle{Eng. Machine \#61 for Japan.}
This has been amended twice.
First, the word ``Matrix'' was added above the title.
Second, the number 62 has been added in a later hand.

Together, these indicate that machines 61 and 62 were exported.
The use of the word ``matrix'' is significant because it means 
that these machines were matrix engraving machines
and thus Type 2.

But there is more information than this.
If you look carefully at the bottom of the cover
of this diary there are three lines of notes.
Each seems to indicate a particular machine.

The first line is for machine 61, 
for which the delivery to Japan commenced June 16, 1922.

The second line, however, is for machine 49,
commencing Jan 16 of what \emph{might} be 1924
(the date is unclear in the photograph).

The third line is for another machine.
Its number is mostly illegible, but what remains is not
inconsistent with ``62''.
Its delivery began on April 7 of some year (the year is illegible)
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}}.



\subsubsection{Tsukiji (Their First Machine, 1921--1923, No.~61?)}
\label{subsubsec:TsukijiTheirFirstMachine19211923No61}

After considerable investigative work,
Yuki has concluded that the second Benton pantograph
exported to Japan was purchased in 
May 1921 by 
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory Co., Ltd.
(東京築地活版製造所, Tōkyō Tsukiji kappan seizōjo).\footnote{The  % START OF FOOTNOTE
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory Co., Ltd.
(株式会社東京築地活版製造所, Kabushikigaisha Tōkyō Tsukiji kappan seizōjo)
was founded in 1885 by Hirano Tomiji
[This is a Japanese name
presented in the traditional order.  Hirano is the family name.]
See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{hirano2017}{Hirano 2017}}.
It ceased business in 1938
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.\par
The 築地活字 (Tsukiji Katsuji, Tsukiji Type / Tsukiji Printing Co. Ltd.) 
company which exists today began in 1919 (Taisho 8)
as a separate company
with an entirely different name.
%Yokohama Hakubunkan  博文館 
%[I do not have the correct Japanese characters for this,
%so I won't risk getting them wrong here],
At a later point it inherited some of the materials of,
and adopted a name based on, the then defunct
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory.
See the Tsukiji Katsuji 
\crMinorTitle{築地活字の概略史}
[\crMinorTitle{Tsukiji katsuji no gairyaku-shi}
\crMinorTitle{Brief History of Tsukiji Type}]
web page at
\url{http://tsukiji-katsuji.com/profile.html}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{TsukijiKatsujiND}{Tsukiji Katsuji N.D.}}
} %END OF FOOTNOTE

This machine was put into use in 1922--1923.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki122019}{Yuki No.~12 2019}};
These dates are consistent with Bauer's (see above).
It is therefore likely that this was Machine No.~61,
the first machine noted in Bauer's diary.

Yuki says that this machine was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake
(which was September 1, 1923).

See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.


\subsubsection{Tsukiji (Their Second Machine, 1922--1924.  No.~49)}
\label{subsubsec:TsukijiTheirSecondMachine1921924No49}


Yuki says that in 1922
Tsukiji 
purchased a second pantograph from ATF,
but that it was not delivered until 1924
(after the Great Kanto Earthquake, fortunately).
The dates for this correspond with Machine No.~49
on the cover of Bauer's diary,
which shows a delivery ``commencing Jan 16, 1924''.
(But caution is in order, as the writing for ``1924'' is not entirely clear.)

This documentary evidence suggests that this machine is No. 49.
This has been confirmed with photographic evidence by 
the Printing Museum, Tokyo.\footnote{NAKANISHI Yasuhito,
curator of the Printing Museum, Tokyo,
email to DMM on 2023-03-14.}

%(See section \ref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers},
%\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers}},
%on page \pageref{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers}
%for an example of this numbering on Machine No.~53.)

Yuki's account indicates that the 
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory,
which ceased business in 1938, sold its Benton in 1936 to
凸版印刷株式会社 (Toppan'insatsu kabushikigaisha, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd.)
From its use with them, it has passed now to its current location.
It is preserved in 
The Printing Museum, Tokyo
(which is the successor to the Printing Archives of
the Toppan company
and which is located in Toppan's corporate headquarters building).

See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.


\subsubsection{Sanseido (1922--1924, No.~62?)}
\label{subsubsec:Sanseido19221924No62}

The fourth Benton pantograph to go to Japan 
has taken a simpler path.

Yuki said that it was ordered in 1921 (Taisho 11) by
the Sanseido publishing firm\footnote{This is the same firm
which has published Yuki's columns and her book on the
Benton pantographs.}
during a trip to the USA.

But fortunately it was not unpacked and set up
until after the Great Kanto Earthquake.
It was put into service in 1925.
Correlating Yuki's research with Bauer's diary,
it would seem likely that this is Machine No.~62.
(This is not completely certain, however.
An examination of the machine number stamped on the pantograph mechanism
of this machine would resolve this uncertainty.)

This machine survives in the corporate museum of
Sanseido Co., Ltd., Publishers.
See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.


\subsubsection{One of the Machines Before Export}
\label{subsubsec:OneOfTheMachinesBeforeExport}

By chance, one photograph of 
a Benton pantograph probably destined for
export to Japan was published.
Some care must be taken in its interpretation, though.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]%
      {inlandprint7019221923chic_0082-crop-benton.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{A Benton for Japan, 1922\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ABentonForJapan1922}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1922}{Bullen 1922, 64}}.
From the Smithsonian's digitization.}

This photograph was published in Henry Lewis Bullen's
biographical article on Linn Boyd Benton in
\crTitle{The Inland Printer}.\footnote{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1922}{Bullen 1922}}.}

The first caution, therefore, is that this is a work by Bullen
and without independent corroboration
nothing in it can be relied upon to be true.
It is, in fact, the article in which he published his 
entirely fictional account of the
origins of cutting punches in steel on the Benton --- an account
which has for a century been repeated as if it were true and which has
completely distorted all subsequent understanding of 
Benton's work and achievements.
This is an article packed full of false statements.

At the same time, while Bullen's body of work is flawed by
innumerable fictions presented as fact,
not every word he wrote can be a lie.
This is a Type 2a Benton matrix engraving pantograph.
He does say that it was sold for export to Japan.
It is likely that it was.

He says that it was one of two, which is not correct.
(Yuki's research has established that there were four sold:  
one in 1912, one in 1921, and two in 1922.)
He says that this one was for ``the Imperial Printing House of Japan.''
This name is a reasonable mistake for the
National Printing Bureau,
but that machine was sold in 1912.
This machine was sold in the early 1920s
and all of those sales were to private companies.

Given the date of this publication (October 1922)
and the fact that three machines were ordered 
by Japanese companies in 1921 and 1922,
it seems more likely that this is one of those three machines.

Bullen is correct that the character on the 
engraving pattern shown on the pantograph in the photograph
is a Japanese character.
It is 之 (romanized as ``kore.'')\footnote{My thanks to
Victor Thibout for identifying this character.
When reading it, note that in a Type 2 Benton matrix engraving
machine the pattern is right-reading and right-side up relative
to the operator's position.}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {inlandprint7019221923chic_0082-crop-benton-pattern.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Pattern in the 1922 Photograph}
   \label{fig:PaternInThe1922Photograph}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

Interestingly, the ``Matrix Machine Setting Record''
reproduced in \crTitle{Practical Typecasting} is
for cutting this character
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 209}}.


\newpage
% The Benton Vertical Pantograph In Germany
%------------------------------------------
\subsection{The Benton Vertical Pantograph In Germany}
\label{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInGermany}

One Benton or Benton-style pantograph survives in Germany,
in the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz.
See section
\ref{subsec:InTheGutenbergMuseumMainz}
on page
\pageref{subsec:InTheGutenbergMuseumMainz}.

\medskip
Wilkes, in 
\crTitle{Das Schriftgießen},
reproduces a photograph of the engraving room of a German typefoundry
which has 13 machines which are either
Benton Type 1b pantographs or locally manufactured copies.
Since there is presently no information on the export of
Benton machines to Germany,
I'm placing these in 
section
\ref{subsec:CopiesInGermany},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:CopiesInGermany}},
on
p. \pageref{subsec:CopiesInGermany}.
However, it is entirely possible that these are actual
US-manufactured Benton pantographs.


\bigskip

\begin{wrapfigure}[5]{r}{0.3\textwidth}

This engraving enters into the public domain in the USA
in 2024.
Include it here then.

\end{wrapfigure}

It is also suggestive, though of course not conclusive in any way,
that in Germany in 1928, 
in a series of woodcuts illustrating various stages of typemaking,
Karl Mahr showed two kinds of pantographs.
For ``Der Matrizenbohrer'' 
(literally ``matrix driller,'' but more idiomatically matrix engraver)
he shows a horizontal four-bar pantograph.
But for 
``Der Maschinen-stempelschneider'' (The Machine Punch-Cutter)
he shows a single-arm vertical pantograph very similar to
a Type 1b Benton
(rather than a Pierpont or one of the vertical machines in use by the
US and UK Linotype and Intertype firms by that time).
See 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{mahr1928}{Mahr 1928}}.

\newpage
% The Benton Vertical Pantograph In England
%------------------------------------------
\subsection{The Benton Vertical Pantograph In England}
\label{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}

\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Summary:}

At a bare documented minimum:
two US-manufactured Type 1b Benton pantographs were imported into
England (to Linotype)
and five Type 1c Benton\--style machines of unknown origin
are attested (at Monotype).
One of the latter, Science Museum Object 1995-1516, survives.
No Type 2 machines are attested.

The actual total of US-made Benton pantographs imported into
England must certainly have been higher.


\subsubsection{Linotype (UK)}
\label{subsubsec:LinotypeUK}

The English company which licensed production of the
Linotype began in 1889 as The Linotype Company Ltd.
In 1903 it merged with The Machinery Trust Ltd.
to become Linotype \& Machinery, Ltd.\footnote{For the
history of this firm see Basil Kahan's biography of
Ottmar Mergenthaler
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kahan2000}{Kahan 2000}}.
The date of its name change to L\&M is documented in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{mosi2001}{MOSI 2001}}.
Unfortunately, neither source mentions punch engraving machines.}

From the page in the Benton, Waldo \& Co. ``Day Book'' reprinted
in \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}},
we know that at least two Type 1b pantographs,
Nos. 8 and 9, 
were sold to the Linotype Company Ltd. in Manchester.
(See 
section \ref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs}},
on page
\pageref{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs}
for this information.)

From around 1900, the Linotype Company Ltd.
began developing its own pantographs in-house.
See GB patent 22,106 of 1900
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{lockbarr1900}{Lock \& Barr 1900}}.

At present I know nothing of any other Benton pantographs
which might have been imported by the Linotype Company Ltd.
in the 1890s.
It is possible that documentation now owned by
The Science Museum Group (UK) 
might have more information.


\subsubsection{Lanston Monotype Corp. Ltd.}
\label{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd}

\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{NOTE:}
It is likely that much more information is contained
in surviving documents in the Monotype Archives and in
The Science Museum Group (UK) collections.
At the present moment (2023) the knowledge of several
former employees of the old Monotype Corporation
is still available to us.
Much that appears provisional and complicated here
probably has an easy answer somewhere.

\medskip
The highly incomplete Benton, Waldo and ATF records
reprinted 
in \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011}}
do not record sales of any Benton pantographs to
the Lanston Monotype Corp. Ltd. (UK),\footnote{This corporation
did not change its name to the now more familiar
``Monotype Corporation Ltd.'' until 1931
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{slinn2014}{Slinn \textit{et al.} 2014, 77}}.}
but this absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

Richard Southall
reports that in 1898 the Lanston Monotype (UK) directors authorized
``the purchase of five punchcutting machines of Benton's design''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{slinn2014}{Slinn \textit{et al.} 2014, 359}}.
Unfortunately, this wording is ambiguous
because it could mean either the import of ATF-manufactured Bentons
or the purchase of copies made elsewhere.
The Benton pantograph is an engineering marvel, to be sure,
but it is not magical.
Copies could easily have been built by many precision machine shops
worldwide at this time.
Authorizing a purchase is also not the same as actually purchasing,
but Southall goes on to record that these machines were transferred
to the new Monotype works at Salfords when it was established in 1900,
so presumably these five machines were acquired.

What is interesting about the Benton-style machines in the
published photographs of the
Monotype matrix works and also the single surviving 
Benton-style machine is that all of these machines are
``Type 1c'' machines.
In particular, they all carry their cutting spindle on a bridge
between the two standards
and the spindle itself is not obviously based on a 
watchmaker's lathe headstock
(where the Type 1b machines attested in the \crTitle{Inland Printer}
photographs carry what is basically a watchmaker's lathe headstock
on the left standard only).
It is further interesting that none of the machines visible in the
published photographs is the machine which survives.

Four relevant photographs were published in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{slinn2014}{Slinn \textit{et al.} 2014, 361--364, 368}}.
(Unfortunately, I cannot reprint them here.)

The first of these (p.~361) shows the original matrix department
of the Salfords work, built in 1900.
In it, three Benton-style pantographs are shown at a bench.

In a later view (pp.~362--363)
taken after the extension of the works in 1910,
three machines are shown again.
These may well be the same three machines with a slightly different bench.

The third relevant view (p.~364) is dated by Southall to 1953
and shows the same room with four Benton-style pantographs.
Three of them are probably the same three machines of the earlier
photographs (or at least identical machines).
The room has been rearranged so that their bench is now nearer
to the windows and the Pierpont machines (and it has been
rotated 180 degrees to face away from the windows).
In this photograph, the top of a fourth machine is just visible.
It differs from the first three (it is taller)
and yet it is not the surviving machine.

(The fourth photograph (p.~368)
shows the new matrix factory built in the 1950s.
It is relevant because it does \emph{not} show any Benton-style machines.)


This department was also shown in a 1925 Monotype silent film
entitled \crTitle{A Monotype Composing Machine.}\footnote{In the film
it is called the ``punch cutting department,''
not the ``matrix department.''}
It appears for only a few seconds,
with a title card at 20:44 and footage of the pantographs
from 20:53 to 21:06.
Three pantographs are shown in a panning shot.
Here they are, in two screenshots from the film edited to show
the three machines:

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{.65\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {monotype-1925-film-punch-cutting-1-1st-and-2nd-pantographs.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Monotype 1925, 2 of 3\protect\footnotemark}
  \label{fig:Monotype19252of3}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\footnotetext{\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{monotype1925}{Monotype 1925}}.
Public domain.}%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{.32\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {monotype-1925-film-punch-cutting-2-3rd-pantograph.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{3\textsuperscript{rd}}
   \label{fig:Monotype19253rd}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

This 1925 film must have been taken between the time the second photograph
in Slinn (post 1910) but before the third (1953).
The bench for the three pantographs is more or less the same as
that of the post 1910 photograph (note the square stands for the motors),
but it is in the position that it occupies in the 1953 photograph.
In that later photo, however, the motors have cylindrical mounts.
The fourth machine shown in the 1953 photo isn't present
in this photo.


One machine which is either an actual Type 1b Benton
pantograph\footnote{But slightly different in construction details
than the one shown in the circa 1891 Benton, Waldo sales brochure.}
or an English-made copy of one
survives in The Monotype Corporation collection of the
Science Museum Group (UK)\footnote{This has been on loan
to what is the Type Archive,
but the situation there is presently in flux.}
This is their Object No.~1995--1516\footnote{That is, 
the 1,516\textsuperscript{th}
item inventoried in acquisitions in 1995.}
See 
section \ref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}},
on p. \pageref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}
for more on this machine.

All that can be concluded on the basis of this evidence
is that the Benton-style pantographs owned by the English
Monotype firm over the years were all variations on Type 1c
machines.
Five are attested through photographic or physical evidence.
Three of these were of the same style and seemed to constitute the
basic battery of machines.
One was taller.
The surviving machine is none of the above.

At present I have no other information concerning either the
direct import of Benton machines by the English
Monotype firm or the possibility of the transfer of
machines to England from the 
Lanston Monotype Machine Company.\footnote{The LMMC was never
the parent company of the independent English firm,
but they maintained a strong relationship with it in the
early 20\textsuperscript{th} century.}

\subsubsection{Other and Red Herrings}
\label{fig:subsubsec:Other and Red Herrings}

Roy Millington, in his history of the Stephenson, Blake type foundry,
reports that a ``Benton-Waldo'' pantograph was imported by them
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{millington2002}{Millington 2002, 81--82}}.
There is good reason, however, to believe that this machine
was not actually a Benton pantograph but rather
an entirely unrelated, horizontal-format,
Schokmiller pantograph.
See
section \ref{sec:LostProbableNonBentons},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:LostProbableNonBentons}},
on p.
\ref{sec:LostProbableNonBentons}
for more on this.


% Surviving Type 1 Benton-Style Pantographs
%------------------------------------------
\section{Surviving Type 1 Benton-Style Pantographs}
\label{sec:SurvivingType1BentonStylePantographs}

At this time all of the surviving machines which are
known with certainty to be ATF-manufactured genuine Benton pantographs
are Type 2 machines.
These are discussed in later, in the
section \ref{sec:SurvivingBentonPantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:SurvivingBentonPantographs}},
on page
section \pageref{sec:SurvivingBentonPantographs}.
All of the Tsugami pantographs (several of which survive)
were Type 2 machines.
The pantograph in the China Printing Museum is also a Type 2 machine.
These are discussed in their own sections as well.

However, there are three surviving Type 1 pantographs
presently known to me.
It is not yet clear whether they were manufactured by 
either Benton, Waldo \& Co. or ATF
(and would thus be genuine Bentons)
or if they were made by someone else.
One of them appears to be quite similar to a Type 1b as
shown in the 1891/1893 photographs
(though it is hard to make out sufficient detail in existing images).
The other two differ somewhat.
All three are in Europe.


% In the Gutenberg Museum, Mainz
%------------------------------------------
\subsection{In the Gutenberg Museum, Mainz}
\label{subsec:InTheGutenbergMuseumMainz}

Until relatively recently 
(at least 2015) a Type 1 Benton or Benton-style pantograph
was on display at
the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz, Germany.
It was part of a larger display of important historical typecasting machines.
This display has been removed and the machine is reported to be in storage.

Of the three unidentified Type 1 Benton-style machines,
this machine most closely resembles an actual Type 1b Benton
as sold in the 18902.
However, nothing has ever been published about its provenance.

It seems to be shown only twice online
(in one image and in a few seconds of a video).
I do not have permission to reprint either of these here.

It appears in a flikr.com posting by Roberta Soriano
(username:  Roberta SDREA) from 2013.
This photo shows it in the context of its display.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{soriano2013}{Soriano 2013}}
See:
\url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertasoriano/8578507952/in/album-72157633=051931915/}

It also appears in a few seconds of a travel video on youtube by
user ``AFN Wiesbaden''.
The brief pan across the display containing this machine starts at
time 2:16 in the video.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{afnwiesbaden2015}{AFN Wiesbaden 2015}}
See:
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwp_y1d13ls}

I would be very interested in learning more of the origins
and provenance of this machine.
Also, if anyone has any photographs of it that they own and
would be willing to share here, please let me know.

\newpage

% The Science Museum's Object No.~1995-1516
%------------------------------------------
\subsection{The Science Museum's Object No.~1995-1516}
\label{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}

\begin{wrapfigure}[21]{r}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]%
        {science-museum-1995-1516-large_SMG00133129__0001_.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{Science Mus. \#1995--1516\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ScienceMus19951516}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sciencemuseumgroup19951516}{Science Museum Group 1995-1516}}.
These images are \emph{not} licensed under the same terms as the 
rest of this document.
It is copyright \textcopyright\ by The Science Museum Group (UK)
and is licensed by them under the Creative Commons 
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.
This license is more restrictive than that of the rest of this document.}

The Science Museum (London)
owns this machine.
It is their Object Number 1995-1516
and has been on loan to the Type Archive.
It has been in service with 
The Monotype Corporation Limited 
(formerly The Lanston Monotype Corporation Limited)
prior to this.
It is what I am calling here a ``Type 1c'' pantograph,
but it is not yet clear if it was manufactured by
Benton\footnote{That is, either Benton, Waldo \& Co. or ATF.}
or by someone else.

This machine is illustrated by two photographs
and is described on a web page in the
Science Museum's online collections site.
It is likely that these photographs were taken
at some point after the start, in 2019,
of a large-scale project to photograph the
Museum's collections,
including their Monotype holdings.
See
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{brignell2020}{Brignell 2020}}.

However,
the description of this machine by the Science Museum
is confused.
It gives two conflicting dates for the manufacture of this
machine, for example:
1900 and 1907.
It also calls the working punch-cutting pantograph at
The Type Archive a ``Benton-Waldo''
(it is not; it is a Pierpont)
and says that there is only one other such machine in the world
(there are at least two:
one at the Letter-kunde Press in Antwerp and one with a private
typefounder in Canada).
See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sciencemuseumgroup19951516}{Science Museum Group 1995-1516}},
or visit this page directly at
\url{https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8693027/benton-waldo-punch-cutter-machines}

The date of 1907 is less plausible.
Pierpont's patent for his punchcutting pantograph dates to 1906
and, as the Science Museum's page itself says,
1907 would have been when the 
Lanston Monotype Corp., Ltd. (UK) started
to install Pierpont pantographs --- not Bentons.

The date of 1900 is more plausible.
This was the date at which the corporation established their
manufacturing plant at Salfords.
But it is not yet clear whether this machine was manufactured
by ATF and imported or manufactured in England or elsewhere
and acquired by Monotype.

As a Type 1c machine,
it differs in constructional details from the Type 1b Bentons
shown in the photographs in \crTitle{The Inland Printer.}
See 
section \ref{subsec:Type1MachineDates},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:Type1MachineDates}},
on page \pageref{subsec:Type1MachineDates}
for these.
But, interestingly,
it also differs from all published photographs of other Type 1c
machines at Monotype.
It is not one of the Type 1 machines shown in the three photographs
in  Slinn, Carter, and Southall's 
\crTitle{History of the Monotype Corporation}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{slinn2014}{Slinn \textit{et al.} 2014, 361--364, 368}}.
Neither is it one of the three Type 1c machines shown in the
1925 film
\crTitle{A Monotype Composing Machine}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{monotype1925}{Monotype 1925}}.
For a discussion of the history of the Type 1c machines at 
Monotype (UK) see 
section \ref{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd},
\crShowClickability{[Exports → England] \nameref{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd}},
on page
\pageref{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd}.
%in section
%\ref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}
%\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}}
%\pageref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInEngland}

Obviously a further investigation of this machine is in order --- not
only the physical machine itself but also any surviving documentation
and potential oral history.


\newpage
% Tallone Editore
%----------------
\subsection{Tallone Editore }
\label{subsec:TalloneEditore}

The Atelier Tipografico (typographic studio)
of
Alberto Tallone Editore\footnote{\url{https://www.talloneeditore.com/tallone/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/75-how-we-work}}
in Alpignano, Italy
has a Type 1d Benton-style pantograph.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.75\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {pantograph-type-1-at-tallone-patrick-goossens-2016-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Type 1d, at Tallone, 2016\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:Type1dAtTallone2016}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{Photograph copyright \textcopyright\ by
Patrick Goossens, Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.
License:  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (BY-NC) 4.0 International.
My thanks to Patrick for supplying this image.}

Like other Type 1 machines, it has its cutting spindle below
the workpiece.\footnote{You can see clearly the swing-away protective guard
attached to the pantograph arm which would keep the operator
from being sprayed with oil from the spindle.}
But unlike all of the photographs of Type 1b machines and the
surviving Type 1c machine in England,
the supporting frame of this machine is constructed like that of
a Type 2 machine, with a table and base.
All other Type 1 machines known to me have standards which 
go directly down to the floor.

This machine is shown in operation
in a triptych of photographs posted to flickr.com by
MEAT collettivo grafico.
Its caption says 
`` Esecuzione in diretta di una matrice in ottone al 
pantografo da parte del sig. Saviolo, 
ex dipendente della Fonderia Nebiolo --- Torino.''
(``Live execution of a brass matrix on the pantograph by Mr. Saviolo, 
former employee of the Nebiolo Foundry - Turin.'')
However, the workpiece which he is cutting is not a matrix.
It is either a punch or a patrix.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{meat2012}{MEAT 2012}}.
These operational photos show clearly the spindle drive from behind and
the relationship of the spindle below to the workpiece above.
They also show the cylindrical workholding device
with a newly cut punch or patrix in place.

Further information on this machine and its provenance
would be greatly appreciated.


% Surviving Benton Pantographs
%--------------------------------------------
\section{Surviving Benton Pantographs}
\label{sec:SurvivingBentonPantographs}

The section here will cover just the vertical machines.
For the other Benton pantographs,
see section \ref{sec:BentonHorizontalPantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:BentonHorizontalPantographs}},
on page
\pageref{sec:BentonHorizontalPantographs}.

Eight ATF-manufactured
Benton vertical pantographs are known to have survived.
All are of ``Type 2'' (1899/1906 patent style):
six Type 2a and two Type 2b.

A very few Type 1 pantographs of as-yet unknown manufacture have
survived.
Since it isn't certain that they are genuine Bentons,
they are discussed earlier, in
section \ref{sec:SurvivingType1BentonStylePantographs},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{sec:SurvivingType1BentonStylePantographs}},
on page \pageref{sec:SurvivingType1BentonStylePantographs}.

\subsection{About Benton Machine Numbers}
\label{subsec:AboutBentonMachineNumbers}

Each surviving machine which has been checked for this
has a unique number stamped on the major
components of its pantograph mechanism and at least sometimes on
its matrix holders.\footnote{This information is itself interesting
because it means that the Benton vertical pantographs were not
made with fully interchangeable parts.
Parts for critical assemblies were hand fitted to each other
and might not fit correctly in other instances of the machine
(hence the need for match marking).
This was not uncommon in industry in the period,
despite the advanced degree of interchangeable manufacture
then present.
For example, both American and English Monotype molds were
hand fitted at the factory and delivered as units which were
not serviceable in the field.}
At a technical level this is what might be 
called ``match numbering,''\footnote{Surprisingly,
there does not seem to be a generally accepted term for this practice.
It was most commonly done using a manufacturing serial number.
For example, Hounshell, in his study of the development of
interchangeable manufacture,
discusses the move away from hand fitting at the Singer sewing 
machine company from the 1860s through the 1880s.
He says only that the earlier hand fitting methods involved
``marking all critical parts with the same serial number,
hardening, and refitting parts with matching numbers''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{hounshell1984}{Hounshell 1984, 91}}.}
whereby parts which have been hand fitted together are given
identical numbers so that may be kept together.\footnote{The numbers
on machine 53 have been stamped by two different styles of punches.
This suggests that it was repaired at some point and that number was
stamped into the newly fitted part.}

This number has been taken to be the
``machine number'' of the machine in question.
It was so used in the auction report for the 1993 auction
of ATF's machinery.
Also, the records of the transportation of machines 61, 49, and 62 to Japan,
fragments of which are reprinted in
Rehak's \crTitle{Practical Typecasting}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 109}},
explicitly use the term ``Machine \#''.
This usage is reasonable as this number is unique to each
surviving machine
and it is unlikely that any pantograph mechanism ever will be
exchanged from one surviving machine to another.

However, this ``Machine Number'' is not a serial number.
In \crTitle{Practical Typecasting,} Rehak
notes specifically that the early machine numbers from
the Benton, Waldo \& co. ``day book'' that he reproduces
\emph{are} ``chronological''
but that 
``those machines that still exist are numbered
in the forties upward but are not chronological''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107, 109}}.

Neither can it be asserted that these machine numbers 
form a set of unique numbers across both Type 2 and Type 1 machines.

The photographs on the next page show Machine No.~53 
at CircuitousRoot
with the three locations in which
machine numbers may appear indicated by red arrows.
These are:
the lower frame (where the four rods are joined into one),
the quill frame,
and the top frame (from which the pantograph mechanism is suspended).
The lower frame has the machine number once.
The quill frame has it twice.\footnote{Since writing this I have
discovered that the number ``53'' is also stamped on the 
aperture for the quill.}
The upper frame has the machine number three times.
The Type 1b machine No.~99 has a slightly different pattern
(see section \ref{subsec:MachineNo99WaltersPrintingStewards}
on page \pageref{subsec:MachineNo99WaltersPrintingStewards}).

The author would very much like to receive photographic evidence
of the machine numbers of Benton pantographs
not yet identified in this way.\footnote{If possible, 
it would be good to have photographs which can be shared
under a compatible Creative Commons license 
and included in future revisions of this census.}

\newpage

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0222-general-view-upper-crop-annotated.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{\#53, Machine Numbers}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55MachineNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0205-machine-number-lower-frame.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Lower Frame}
   \label{fig:LowerFrame}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0207-machine-numbers-quill-frame-recrop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Quill Frame}
   \label{fig:QuillFrame}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0234-machine-numbers-upper-frame.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Upper Frame}
   \label{fig:UpperFrame}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0205-machine-number-lower-frame-crop-number.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{One Time}
   \label{fig:OneTime}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0207-machine-numbers-quill-frame-crop-numbers.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Two Times}
   \label{fig:TwoTimes}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-53-2023-01-25-0234-machine-numbers-upper-frame-crop-numbers.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Three Times}
   \label{fig:ThreeTimes}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\vfill



% Machine No.~48
%---------------
\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~48, Golgonooza}
\label{subsec:MachineNo48Golgonooza}

\begin{wrapfigure}[13]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {atfnl-n18-1200rgb-0015-benton-lot-34.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#48 in 1993\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo48ATF1993}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Copyright \textcopyright\ 1994 by Richard L. Hopkins.
License:  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International.}

This is a Type 2a machine (the smaller model).
It is presently (2023) at the 
Golgonooza Letter Foundry \& Press\footnote{\enskip \url{http://golgonoozaletterfoundry.com/}}
of
Julia Ferrari and the late Dan Carr.
It is likely that it is in operating condition.

It was purchased at the 1993 ATF auction by Dan Carr.
Both 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
note this as Machine No.~48, which was auction lot \#34
and which sold for \$650.

There is one photograph of this machine which positively identifies it:
the one taken by Rich Hopkins at the 1993 ATF auction
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{hopkins1994}{Hopkins 1994, 15}}.
It is identifiable by the auction tag number on it, 34.

\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
Other photographs of this machine include:

\noindent
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=0pt]
\item One taken by Hopkins
      a dozen years earlier
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{hopkins1981}{Hopkins 1981, 9}}.
      (The machine looks almost untouched between the two pictures.)
\item One in the former Dale Guild's flickr photostream,
      showing the ATF Matrix Department just before the 1993 auction.
      \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/47496314@N06/4579566999/}
\end{itemize}




\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~49, Printing Museum, Tokyo}
\label{subsec:MachineNo49PrintingMuseumTokyo}

\begin{wrapfigure}[9]{r}{0.3\textwidth}

A good photograph of this machine
was posted by Twitter user
はまあ @hamambee:
%to the Twitter feed of 
%YUKI Akari / 雪 朱里 @yukiakari:
\url{https://twitter.com/hamambee/status/1505527191756410885/photo/1}

\end{wrapfigure}

This is a Type 2a machine (the smaller model).
It is presently (2023) preserved by and on display in
The Printing Museum, Tokyo.
Its inventory number\footnote{More literally from
their website, its
``資料番号'' (Shiryō bangō, document number).}
is 33364.
It is illustrated on the museum's website at:
\url{https://www.printing-museum.org/collection/looking/33364.php}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{printingmuseum2023}{Printing Museum 2023}}.

As discussed earlier in 
section \ref{subsubsec:TsukijiTheirSecondMachine1921924No49},
%\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsubsec:TsukijiTheirSecondMachine1921924No49}},
page
\pageref{subsubsec:TsukijiTheirSecondMachine1921924No49}
on the second Tsukiji machine,
Yuki has identified this as the second machine purchased
by 
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory
from ATF.
Their first machine had been purchased in 1921 (exported 1922)
but was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.
This second machine was purchased in 1922
but not delivered until 1924
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.

Yuki's information on the history of these machines,
when correlated 
with the information kept in a diary by ATF foreman John Bauer
when delivering these machines,\footnote{See
the discussion of
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsubsec:BauersDiary} in \crMinorTitle{Benton Pantograph Exports}},
section \ref{subsubsec:BauersDiary} on page
\pageref{subsubsec:BauersDiary}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107, Fig. 32 on p. 109}}.}
indicates that this must be machine No.~49.
This has been confirmed with photographic evidence by
the Printing Museum, Tokyo.
They have found the number ``49'' 
on the Matrix Jig of this machine.\footnote{NAKANISHI Yasuhito,
curator of the Printing Museum, Tokyo,
email to DMM on 2023-03-14.}
While the matrix jig is a removable component,
the machine numbers on other machines such as No. 55 (Antwerp)
indicate that matrix jigs were numbered along with the rest of the machine.
There is no doubt that this is Benton No. 49.

A matrix cutting slip for
cutting ``Medieval [/Celtic] Border'' in 6pt on two machines,
No. 55 and No. 49,
survives in the ex-Dale Guild collection now at the Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.
It is dated 1918-05-16 and 1918-06-22.
It would seem, therefore, that this machine was not made for the
Tsukiji purchase in 1922 but was a machine which had been in service
at ATF in at least 1918 (and of course probably earlier).


As noted previously,
Yuki's account indicates that the 
Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory,
which ceased business in 1938, sold this Benton in 1936 to
凸版印刷株式会社 (Toppan insatsu kabushiki gaisha, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd.)
Toppan exists today as a Tokyo-based international printing technology firm.
At some point this machine ceased to be used in production
and it found its way to The Printing Museum.\footnote{The Museum's 
history page says that the Toppan Printing Archives
were founded in 1987.
%I would note that
%this was a period of tremendous change in the printing industry
%and many technologies became obsolete overnight.
Their website goes on to say that the Printing Museum itself
was founded in 2000 and that the artefacts of the
Toppan Printing Archives were transferred to it.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{printingmuseum2020}{Printing Museum 2020}}.
The Printing Museum is located in 
Toppan's corporate headquarters building in Tokyo.}

This machine was included in 2012 in a survey of the
``History of Japanese Industrial Technology''
by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo.
It is Document Number 108911001019
in that survey:
\crMinorTitle{ベントン母型彫刻機.} 
[\crMinorTitle{Benton bokei chōkoku-ki,}
\crMinorTitle{Benton matrix engraving machine}]
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{hjit2012}{HJIT 2012}}.
This survey confirms that this machine was manufactured by the
American Type Founders Co.



\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~50, Australia}
\label{subsec:MachineNo50Australia}

\begin{wrapfigure}[11]{r}{0.33\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]%
        {benton-50-australia-2011-photo-2023-02-04-rot.jpeg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#50, 2011\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo50Circa2011}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{All photographs of BEM 50 are
copyright by the owner of this machine and are licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license.
My thanks to the owner of this machine for 
a great deal of help in identifying and understanding it.}

This is a Type 2a machine,
It is presently (2023) in the 
foundry of an Australian printer. 
The owner has confirmed
that it is in perfect working order.\footnote{In correspondence with
the author on 2023-02-04.}

It was purchased in the 1993 ATF auction by
Theo Rehak on behalf of this Australian printer.
Both 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
note it as Machine No.~50, which was lot \#39 and which
sold for \$700.

The machine has an ATF brass property tag number of 09017
and bears a stencilled number 30.

\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-brass-tag-number-09017.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{BEM 50, Brass Tag}
   \label{fig:BEM50BrassTag}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-stencil-number.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{BEM 50, Stencil}
   \label{fig:BEM50StencilledNumber}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

\clearpage

The machine numbers stamped on the machine in three locations
confirm its identity.
Note that at the ``quill gimbal'' level shown below
the number is stamped at three locations, not just the
two visible in the photograph.
(The third location, on the aperture around where the quill goes,
is not visible in the photograph.
These locations on the machine are very difficult to photograph.)

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-machine-number-on-upper-frames.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Upper Gimbal}
   \label{fig:BEM50UpperGimbalMachineNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-machine-number-on-quill-frames.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Quill Gimbal}
   \label{fig:BEM50QuillGimbalMachineNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-machine-number-on-wand-plate.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Wand Plate}
   \label{fig:BEM50WandPlateNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
also notes that a ``Benton Power Stand,''
lot \#35, was purchased with this machine for \$50.
This power stand is shown in a photograph 
of the 1993 auction on the 
former Dale Guild Type Foundry flickr.com photostream
at:
\url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/47496314@N06/4579566999/}

The owner further said that about 15 years after the ATF auction
he was able to acquire two
Benton cutter grinders,
one complete and one in ``parts machine'' condition.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-cutter-grinder-now-with-bem-50-topview.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Cutter Grinder, Top}
   \label{fig:BEM50CutterGrinderTop}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-cutter-grinder-now-with-bem-50-side-view-2-2023-03-16-0625-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Cutter Grinder, Side}
   \label{fig:BEM50CutterGrinderSide}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

\clearpage

The owner of this machine has very kindly supplied 
additional photographs of some of its details:

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-2023-03-16a-0595-matrix-jig-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Matrix Jig}
   \label{fig:BEM50MatrixJig}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-2023-03-16a-0628-input-cable-connector-crop-adjusted.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Power Input Connector}
   \label{fig:BEM50PowerInputConnector}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}


\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-2023-03-16a-0620-block-of-quills-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Block of Quills}
   \label{fig:BEM50BlockOfQuills}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {bem-50-2023-03-16-0622a-single-quill-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{A Single Quill}
   \label{fig:BEM50ASingleQuill}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}


(Lest there be any confusion:
the power input connector is the end of a rotary flexible shaft
which supplies mechanical rotational power to the top of the quill.
This isn't an electrical plug.)




\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~53, CircuitousRoot}
\label{subsec:MachineNo53CircuitousRoot}

\begin{wrapfigure}[19]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {benton-53-dmm-2023-01-16-0099-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#53, 2023\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo53CR2023}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, taken 2023-01-16
in my Machine Shop (CircuitousRoot).}

This is a Type 2a machine.
It is presently (2023) at CircuitousRoot
(the collection and workshop of the author of this census, 
Dr. David M. MacMillan).
It is not now operational, but while it is missing parts,
what remains is in good shape.
Restorative conservation is underway.\footnote{You can follow
my progress (or lack of progress) on this at:\\
\url{https://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/pantocut/benton/index.html}}

It was purchased by Gregory Jackson Walters at the 1993 ATF auction.
Both 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
note that it was lot \#30 and that it sold for \$100.
Walters further indicates that it was 
``missing a lot of parts.''

It was not used by Walters but was sold in the condition he 
received it\footnote{On its 1993 pallet with its original
Willner auction tag.}
to Dr. David M. MacMillan in 2021\footnote{I posted the
check to him on May 19, 2021. 
I collected the machine over the weekend from
Friday, August 6 through Sunday August 8, 2021.}
for \$1,000.

No machine number was given in the ATF auction results for this machine,
but examination of it shows that it is Machine No.~53.

It has a brass ATF property tag which reads ``09015''.
It is missing all other identification.

\begin{wrapfigure}[10]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {benton-53-2023-01-25-0212-brass-atf-property-tag-09015-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#53, Property Tag\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{BentonNo53PropertyTag}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, taken 2023-01-25
in my Machine Shop (CircuitousRoot).}

This machine has been assigned the identification code
``BEM2a-53''\footnote{Benton Engraving Machine, Type 2a, No.~53.}
in the CircuitousRoot inventory.

It does not appear that this machine came to Walters with a
Power Stand,
but when he sold it to me he chose to include the Power Stand
which originally came with Machine No.~99 (see below).

The machine came to me with one original ATF quill, 
with an ATF-ground cutter installed in it.  
Note that while all Benton quills should be
interchangeable, there was a great mixing-up of quills at the
1993 auction.
It is not clear that the ATF quill I received was one actually
used in this machine or if cutter in this quill was ground for use
with this machine.
Walters also supplied with it two additional quills which 
were made for Theo Rehak by a machinist at a later date.

The machine is missing its matrix holder,
has no followers,\footnote{Further, the final follower which had
been installed on it has been sheared off violently in the wand.}
has only the standard 40pt expansion/condensation blocks,
has no leverage bars,
and has been stripped of some other parts and assemblies.
Some of the large screws are not correct for the machine.
It has been repainted at least once (probably twice).
The last repainting, at ATF prior to the 1993 auction,
was very badly done.\footnote{By the end in 1993,
ATF standards had declined considerably since Benton's day.}
It will be an interesting challenge.


\clearpage
\subsection{Machine No.~55, Letter-kunde, Antwerp}
\label{subsec:MachineNo55LetterKundeAntwerp}

\begin{wrapfigure}[21]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {benton-55-dmm-2019-4039-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#55, 2019\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photographs by DMM, taken 2019-05-17
at the Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.  
My thanks to Patrick Goossens both for preserving this machine
and for so generously allowing access to it.}

This is a Type 2a machine.
It is presently (2023) at the 
Letter-kunde Press of Patrick Goossens,\footnote{\url{https://www.letter-kunde.be/}}
in Antwerp.
It is fully operational.

This machine is the only surviving Benton vertical pantograph which
did not come out of the 1993 ATF auction.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
indicates that Theo Rehak [the Dale Guild]
had ``the only Benton in operating order'' before the 
auction.\footnote{This does raise the interesting question
of whether or not there were Benton vertical pantographs 
in \emph{non}-operating order outside of ATF before the auction.}
This is the machine which was at The Dale Guild and which was
acquired by the Letter-kunde Press at the demise of that foundry.

Photographs taken by me in 2019\footnote{When I had the great
good fortune to be able to cut a mat on it under the direction
of Ed Rayher.}
show that it is Machine No.~55.

This machine also has a brass ATF property tag on it reading ``09018''.
It has the number ``28'' stencilled on it.
A plate reading ``BE CO.'' (for Benton Engraving Company) 
was added when this machine was owned by The Dale Guild.

At least one of the matrix holders with this machine is also
stamped ``55''.

This machine is complete with its original Power Stand.

\bigskip
Since this is the ex-Dale Guild machine,
it has been illustrated a number of times in the literature.
Examples include:

\noindent
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=0pt]
\item Patricia Cost's blog for 2008-02-22,
      \url{https://morrisbenton.com/2008/02/22/the-no-55-benton-matrix-engraver/}
\item Micah Currier's short film
      \crTitle{Disciplines \& Protocols}
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{currierND}{Currier N.D. [by 2016]}}
\item At the Dale Guild, on that former foundry's flickr.com photostream
      (still online as of 2023).  Close up:
      \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/47496314@N06/4552258250/}\\
      This is the same photograph used in
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{currier2011}{Currier 2011}}.
\item In context in the Dale Guild's matrix engraving room:
      \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/47496314@N06/4551617695/}
\item A blog posting by Russell Maret on the cutting of Iohann Titling
      by Currier
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{maret2011}{Maret 2011}}.
      \url{http://russellmaret.blogspot.com/2011/02/}
\end{itemize}

\vfill

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-4054-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{\#55, 2019}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019WithPowerStand}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-5901-matrix-holder-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{\#55, 2019}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019MatrixJig}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}

Here are further views of this machine.\footnote{All photos on this
page taken by DMM at the Letter-kunde Press in 2019.}
Note in particular the machine number, 55,
stamped into the matrix holder in the photo above right.
These views also show the ``power stand'' clearly.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-05-21-0259-nameplate-and-brass-property-tag-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{\#55, 2019}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019IDPlateAndBrassPropertyTag}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\newpage

Here is a series of photos zooming in on the machine number (55)
as it is stamped on the top gimbal (middle frame).
It is probably stamped elsewhere on the machine,
but when I was taking these photos with my phone I wasn't looking
for it.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-05-21-5945-top-gimbals-match-mark-crop-55-crop-top-gimbal.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{\#55, 2019, Top Gimbal}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019TopGimbals}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-05-21-5945-top-gimbals-match-mark-crop-55-crop-top-gimbal-closer.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Closer}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019TopGimbalsCloser}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-55-dmm-2019-05-21-5945-top-gimbals-match-mark-crop-55.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Machine No.~55}
   \label{fig:BentonNo55PG2019TopGimbals55}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}


\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~60 (or 63?), Swamp Press}
\label{subsec:MachineNo60Or63SwampPress}

This is a Type 2b machine (the larger model).
It is presently (2023) at Swamp Press (prop. Ed Rayher)
in Massachusetts.  
It is in commercial production and has been used to cut
several notable contemporary faces,
including Xenotype Cherokee.
For the Swamp Press matrix engraving services, see:\\
\url{https://swamppress.com/benton-matrix-engraving.html}

It was purchased by Gregory Jackson Walters
at the 1993 ATF auction on behalf of Ed Rayher.
Both 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
say that it is Machine No.~60 and that it was purchased
for \$300.
However, 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rayher2014}{Rayher 2014, back cover}}
says that it is No.~63
(with ATF property tag number 09020).
Rayher says that Theo Rehak said that it was No.~63.
He has examined the machine and can find no machine numbers stamped
on it (but they may exist and be obscured by paint).

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
say that this was lot \#32 at the 1993 auction, but
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
says it was lot \#33.
Ed has confirmed that 33 is the correct number
(see his photograph of the auction tag, 
Fig. \ref{fig:BEM60AuctionTagAndStencilledNumber}
below).

It has the number 23 stencilled on it
(see Fig. \ref{fig:BEM60AuctionTagAndStencilledNumber},
below, where it appears, faintly, just above the auction tag).

A photograph of this machine by Ed Rayher appears on the next page.

A black and white
photograph of this machine at ATF in 1984, taken by Patricia Cost,
was published in her book on the Bentons.
The machine is identifiable by its unusual cruciform part
joining the four upper pantograph arms with the wand.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 125}}.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-brass-tag-09020-rot4ccw-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Brass Property Tag\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BEM60BrassTag}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-auction-no-33-and-stencil-23-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Auction Tag \& Stencil 23}
   \label{fig:BEM60AuctionTagAndStencilledNumber}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\footnotetext{Photographs by Ed Rayher (Swamp Press),
used with his kind permission.}


\newpage
\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{\textwidth}
   \begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {swamp-press-xenotype-cherokee-2014-1200rgb-0000-rot-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{The Type 2b Benton At Swamp Press\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:TheType2bBentonAtSwampPress}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{Photograph by Ed Rayher from
\crMinorTitle{Swamp Press Turns Virtual Xenotype Cherokee
Into Hot Lead Monotype}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rayher2014}{Rayher 2014, back cover}}.
Used with his kind permission.}

\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~62 (?), Sanseido}
\label{subsec:MachineNo62Sanseido}

\begin{wrapfigure}[11]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
Yuki's posting No.~31, with photographs of this machine confirming
its manufature by American Type Founders Co., is at:
\url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton31}
\end{wrapfigure}

This machine may have taken the simplest path of all surviving Bentons.
Relying again on the extraordinary research of Yuki Akari,
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}},
it appears that this machine was sold by ATF in 1922 to
the Sanseido (三省堂) publishing company
(which is now Sanseido Co., Ltd., Publishers).\footnote{The Sanseido
corporate website's history page says that they were founded
as a bookstore and then began publishing. 
The publishing branch became a separate entity as
Sanseido Co. Ltd. in 1915.  They continue today as publishers
under this name.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sanseido2021}{Sanseido 2021}}.
From the point of view of the present census,
they are particularly important as the publishers of
Yuki's columns on the Benton and her book derived
from these columns. 
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki2021a}{Yuki 2021a}}.}

It isn't entirely clear to me if it arrived before or after
the Great Kanto Earthquake (September 1, 1923),
but it was not destroyed and was set up for use in 1925.
It is still owned by Sanseido,
although it has been retired from service and is in their 
corporate museum.

This is a Type 2a machine (the smaller model).

Yuki also presents two particularly useful photographs of this machine.
The first of these is an overall view of the machine.
The second shows a close-up of the nameplate,
which reads:  
AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO.
You can't ask for better evidence than that.
The machine as shown in this photo also bears a brass tag
which appears to be a Sanseido property tag.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki312019}{Yuki No.~31 2019}}.






\newpage
\subsection{Machine No.~99, Walters / Printing Stewards}
\label{subsec:MachineNo99WaltersPrintingStewards}

\begin{wrapfigure}[20]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {benton-99-dmm-2021-3659-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#99, 2021\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo99GJW2021}
\end{wrapfigure}

\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, taken 2021-08-06 at the 
foundry of Gregory Jackson Walters.
The machine behind No.~99 is No.~53.}

This is a Type 2b machine.
It is presently (2023) in the 
Gregory Jackson Walters Typographic Archive of
The Printing Stewards.\footnote{\url{https://printingstewards.org/}}
It is complete (except for its power stand) but has not been
operated since before the 1993 auction.
It has the highest known ATF Benton machine number.

It was purchased by Gregory Jackson Walters at the 1993 ATF auction.
Both
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
say that it is Machine No.~99.
I have confirmed this by visual inspection and photographic documentation.

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
says that this was lot \#21 at the auction,
but the auction results in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
say that it was lot \#32.
The machine itself still bears its original Willner auction tag
with the number 32.

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
says he purchased it for \$300.
The number in 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}
is illegible.

The machine has a brass ATF property tag numbered 09021.
It has ``22'' stencilled on its base.

This machine is now Accession/Inventory No.~91 of The Printing Stewards.

\begin{wrapfigure}[5]{r}{0.3\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.28\textwidth]%
        {benton-99-walters-brass-tag-and-stencil-PXL_20210806_210756842-rot2p8cw-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{\#99, ATF Stencil \& Brass Property Tag\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonNo99ATFStencilAndBrassPropertyTag}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, taken 2021-09-06
at the foundry of Gregory Jackson Walters.}

As acquired by Walters in 1993 this machine came with a power stand.
When he sold Machine No.~53 to MacMillan in 2021,
he chose to include this power stand with No.~53.
Machine No.~99 is otherwise complete, with a single matrix holder
and at least one quill.


\newpage
Here is a photograph of the upper frame of this machine,
showing clearly how it differs from a Type 2a.
At right below is a close-up of the machine number (99)
as it appears on the upper frame. 
Unlike the Type 2a Machine No.~53,
the numbers here appear only on the inner two frames,
not on the outer frame.

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.35\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-99-walters-match-numbers-on-top-frame-PXL_20220522_180636477-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{No.~99, Upper Frame}
   \label{fig:No99UpperFrame}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.35\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-99-walters-match-numbers-on-top-frame-PXL_20220522_180705683-crop-numbers.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Upper Frame Machine Numbers}
   \label{fig:UpperFrameMachineNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}


Here is a general view of the upper part of the machine, showing
the quill frame.\footnote{The machine does have a matrix holder.
I had removed it temporarily when I took this photo.}
The machine number appears only once in this location on this machine
(as shown below right).


\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.35\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-99-walters-general-view-of-upper-assemblies-PXL_20220522_180856492-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{No.~99, General View, Upper Part}
   \label{fig:No99GeneralViewUpperPart}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.35\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-99-walters-match-number-on-quill-level-frame-PXL_20220522_180611912-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Quill Frame Machine Numbers}
   \label{fig:QuillFrameMachineNumbers}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\vfill

I was unable to find a machine number on the ``lower'' frame
(where the four rods are joined into one).
It may be there.


\newpage
\subsection{Table of ATF Identification Information}
\label{subsec:TableOfATFIdentificationInformation}

Here is a table of the identification information
on each of the surviving Benton vertical pantographs,
presented in case any patterns should emerge
Unknown or nonexistent information has been omitted.

\bigskip
\noindent
\begin{tabular}{ l l l l l l }
  No.    & Type & Tag    & Stencil & 1993 Lot \# & Now At                 \\
\hline
  48     &  2a  &        &         & 34          & Golgonooza             \\
  49     &  2a  &        &         &             & Printing Museum (Tokyo)\\
  50     &  2a  & 09017  & 30      & 39          & Australia              \\
  53     &  2a  & 09015  &         & 30          & CircuitousRoot         \\
  55     &  2a  & 09018  & 28      &             & Letter-kunde (Antwerp) \\
  60/63  &  2b  & 09020  & 23      & 33          & Swamp Press            \\
  62?    &  2a  &        &         &             & Sanseido (Tokyo)       \\
  99     &  2b  & 09021  & 22      & 32          & Printing Stewards/GJW  \\
\end{tabular}

\section{Rumored Surviving Benton Pantographs}
\label{sec:RumoredSurvivingBentonPantographs}

\emph{Caution:}
There has been a tendency in type history to call any 
pantograph used for typemaking a ``Benton'' pantograph
even when it is a machine of some other make.
This greatly complicates the research process.

\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Walters' Comment}

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 105}}
said that Theo Rehak (the Dale Guild)
had ``the only Benton in operating order'' before the 1993 ATF auction.
This begs the question:
were there any other Benton pantographs outside of ATF in
non-operating order?
I am not aware of any,
but the possibility of what the antique automobile collectors
call a ``barn find'' remains.


\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Dan X. Solo}

In the American Typecasting Fellowship \crTitle{Newsletter},
No.~5 (May 1980) there appears a brief note about an
``impromptu West-Coast gathering of typecasting enthusiasts.''
It reports that Dan X. Solo (Solotype and many Dover publications on type)
``managed to acquire a Benton pantograph from England'' (p. 4).
While this is not impossible,
it is likely that this is an instance of every typographical
pantograph being called a ``Benton.''\footnote{Also,
the son of the late Dan X. Solo has been attempting to put his
father's materials in good hands.
A friend of mine with a very deep knowledge of matrices and typecasting
has acquired some of these materials.
In response to a query,
my friend indicated that no sign of any pantograph has come to his attention.}











\section{Other Copies of Benton's Pantographs}
\label{sec:OtherCopiesOfBentonsPantographs}

The most numerous surviving copies of the Benton vertical pantograph,
the Tsugami and Fujikoshi machines,
are discussed in
section \ref{sec:TsugamiAndFujikoshiPantographs}
on page
\pageref{sec:TsugamiAndFujikoshiPantographs}
and in section
\ref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan}
on page
\pageref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan}.

The derivative of the Benton in China is discussed
in section
\ref{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs}
on page
\pageref{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs}.

It is not clear at this time whether
the ``Type 1c'' machines of the English Monotype firm
were actual Bentons or derivatives.
These are discussed in section
\ref{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd}
on page
\pageref{subsubsec:LanstonMonotypeCorpLtd}
and the surviving machine is discussed in section
\ref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}
on page
\pageref{subsec:TheScienceMuseumsObjectNo19951516}.

\subsection{Copies In the USA}
\label{subsec:CopiesInTheUSA}

To the best of my knowledge,
the Benton vertical pantographs were never copied directly
in the United States.
However, more research needs to be done in this area.
There is a poorly documented period between the merging
of Benton, Waldo \& Co. into ATF in 1892\footnote{Rehak
says that ATF required Benton 
``to recover all B\&W devices leased to competitor firms, 
mainly Linotype and Monotype''
and that this was ``eventually accomplished''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 105}}.}
and the
development of in-house pantographs at Mergenthaler Linotype and
the English Monotype firm
(which maintained strong ties to the Lanston Monotype Machine Company).
Benton's 1885 patent did not expire until 1902.


\subsection{Copies In Germany}
\label{subsec:CopiesInGermany}

Wilkes, in 
\crTitle{Das Schriftgießen}
reproduces a photograph of the engraving room of a German typefoundry
before 1914.\footnote{The photograph is from the
Archive D. Stempel at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt
and so is likely that of the Stempel foundry, but this is not
completely certain from the caption and attribution.}
It shows about a dozen pantographs which look very much like
Type 1b Bentons.
But Wilkes also says that the Stempel foundry
``hat die benton-waldo maschinen im laufe vieler jahre 
modifiziert und weiterentwickelt''
(has modified and further developed the Benton-Waldo machines over the course of many years\footnote{Translation by Google Translate})
and then in 1920 went on to completely re-engineer the machine.
This suggests that the machines at Stempel prior to 1920 were either
actual US-manufactured Benton Type 1b pantographs
or German-manufactured direct copies of Type 1b machines
(in both cases modified by Stempel).
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{wilkes1990}{Wilkes 1990, 56, fig. 60 on p. 58}}
At present there isn't sufficient information to know
which is the case.


\iffalse
\newpage  % GET RID OF THIS if what is above expands.
          % It is here to prevent a single line widow on the next page.

\subsection{In India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh}
\label{subsec:InIndiaAndPakistanAndBangladesh}

Colonial India before the 1947 partition and what became India, Pakistan, and
Bangladesh at later periods had significant metal type industries.
In particular, typemakers in India were a major source of matrices for
American ``revival'' type founders such as Charles Broad
(Typefounders, Inc., of Phoenix) in the later 20\textsuperscript{th}
century.
It is not impossible that there might have been copies of 
Benton's vertical pantographs in this region.

At present, however, I know nothing at all about this.

\fi




\section{Known Lost Benton Vertical Pantographs}
\label{sec:KnownLostBentonVerticalPantographs}

We have at least some information on several Benton vertical pantographs
which have been lost.

\subsection{Known Lost Type 1 Machines}
\label{subsec:KnownLostType1Machines}

\medskip
In \crTitle{Practical Typecasting},
Theo Rehak reprints a single page from a Benton, Waldo \& Co.
``Day Book''\footnote{But note that the page reproduced is
a typescript, not a handwritten entry page from a day book.}
(lost by 1993)
which reports on early pantograph sales and/or 
rentals.\footnote{The price of Machine No.~4 is noted specifically
as a ``rental price.''
No indication is given with the other machines as to whether they
were sold or rented.}
The machines are given machine numbers and these start at 3.
Rehak says of these numbers that they are still
``chronological'' (by which I presume he means serial numbers)
in contrast to the numbering of the surviving machines
which are not chronological.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107, 109}}

This is interesting because it suggests that very few
machines were in use internally at 
Benton, Waldo \& Co. in the period from 1884 through
the first recorded sale in 1889.

Here is the information from this day book page:

\medskip
\noindent
{\fontsize{6pt}{8pt}\selectfont
\begin{tabular}{ l l l l l }
  Date.       & No. & Called & Purchaser & Price \\
Feb. 13, 1889 &  3  & Benton Punch Engraving Machine 
                    & Mergenthaler Printing Co., Brooklyn, NY
                    & \$4,500.00\\
May 1, 1889   &  4  & Punch Engraving Machine
                    & Minneapolis Electro Matrix Co.
                    & \$4,900.00 \\
Jun. 29, 1889 &  6  & Punch Engraving Machine
                    & Minneapolis Electro Matrix Co.\footnotemark
                    & \$2,000.00 \\
Feb. 15, 1890 &  8  & Punch Engraving Machine
                    & Linotype Company, Ltd., Manchester, England
                    & \$5.000.00 \\
Feb. 15, 1890 &  9  & Punch Engraving Machine
                    & Linotype Company, Ltd., Manchester, England
                    & \$3,500.00 \\
May 19, 1890  & 10  & Benton Engraving Machine
                    & Rogers Typographic Co., Cleveland, Ohio
                    & \$5,000.00 \\
\end{tabular}
}
\footnotetext{Machine sent to
Ames Manufacturing co., Chicopee, Mass.}
\medskip

Patricia Cost transcribes the text of a letter from the
Lanston Type-Machine Co.
(predecessor of the Lanston Monotype Machine Company)
to Benton, Waldo \& Co.
praising the Benton pantograph for use in punch cutting.
This letter is dated November 3, 1890
and refers to a machine delivered 
``last August''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 69}}.
Presumably this is August of 1890
because no delivery to Lanston appears in the Benton, Waldo
daybook information (see above) for August 1889.



\subsection{Known Lost Type 2 Machines}
\label{subsec:KnownLostType2Machines}

Two of the four machines shipped to Japan have been lost.
These are the machine at the National Bureau of Printing (1912)
and the first machine at Tsukiji (1921, probably No.~61).

See section
\ref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan}},
on page
\pageref{subsec:TheBentonVerticalPantographInJapan}
for more information.

A matrix cutting slips for 
machine No. 30\footnote{For cutting Bradley Designs at 30pt,
finished 1905-04-26.}
survives in the ex-Dale Guild materials now at the
Letter-kunde Press in Antwerp.
This machine has been lost.

\section{Lost Probable Non-Bentons}
\label{sec:LostProbableNonBentons}

As noted earlier, there has been a tendency even among
the otherwise very well informed to call any typographical
pantograph by any maker,
whether vertical or horizontal, a ``Benton.''
This has been the case not only in the understandable situations
where the machine in question was a close copy 
(such as the Tsugami),
but also when the machine in question had nothing at all 
to do with Benton's design.
This has naturally led to false sightings.

\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{At Stephenson, Blake}

Roy Millington reported that at some point probably in the 1890s
the English typefounding firm Stephenson, Blake installed a
``Benton-Waldo'' pantograph.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{millington2002}{Millington 2002, 81--82}}.
But he gives no further details and does not cite any sources
for this information.\footnote{There are also errors in description
of Benton's pantograph.
He says that it was similar to Leavenworth's 
horizontal pantograph for wood type and that by 1885 
Benton had modified it to cut matrices directly.
Neither of these things is true.
On the other hand, the Schokmiller pantograph which was sold to
Stephenson, Blake \emph{was} a horizontal machine.}
Against this we do have evidence that in 1906 Stephenson, Blake
purchased a pantograph constructed by Charles H. Schokmiller,
of St. Louis.
It is likely that this S-B pantograph was a Schokmiller,
not a Benton.

For a discussion of this pantograph see
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{circuitousrootschokmiller2022}{CircuitousRoot ``Schokmiller'' 2022}}.
The underlying source material comes from an address by 
Nicholas J. Werner
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{werner1931}{Werner 1931}} /
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{werner1941}{Werner 1941}}.





\section{Benton Horizontal Pantographs}
\label{sec:BentonHorizontalPantographs}

\subsection{The 1899 Tracing Apparatus (Delineator)}
\label{subsec:The1899TracingApparatusDelineator}

\begin{wrapfigure}[10]{r}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]%
        {american-machinist-v032pt2-1909-hathi-njp-32101048918864-kaup-modern-automatic-type-making-methods-1-crop-tracing-apparatus.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{Tracing Apparatus\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:TracingApparatus}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909, 1042}}.  Public domain.
This is the only known photographic image of the 1899/1904 patent
Tracing Apparatus.}

This machine probably existed in only a single instance,
which does not survive.
It was patented by Benton in US patent 790,172,
\crMinorTitle{Tracing Apparatus},
filed in 1899 and issued in 1905
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1905}{Benton 1905}}.
It is known reliably from only one other contemporary source,
a 1909 article in \crTitle{American Machinist} describing
\crMinorTitle{Modern Automatic Type Making Methods}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909}}.
It is also mentioned in a less reliable source,
Bullen's 1922 article on Benton
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1922}{Bullen 1922, 63--64}}.

It was a horizontal four-bar\footnote{Implemented with five bars.}
pantograph intended for enlarging to produce large working drawings.
It was ingeniously adapted to allow the optical tracing of
existing types.

Cost records an important piece of ATF oral history,
via a personal communication with Theo Rehak,
to the effect that after the death of Morris Fuller Benton
the use of this pantograph at ATF ceased
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 121}}.

\medskip
This is the machine that Theo Rehak calls the 
``Benton Delineator.''
As Theo is the primary repository of knowledge
of ATF internal practices,
perhaps this is the best name for it.
I have found it difficult, however, to discover
this name in the admittedly scanty published literature.

Patricia Cost calls it the ``delineating machine''
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{cost2011}{Cost 2011, 97}},
but in this she must be relying upon Rehak and Bullen.

Bullen did call this machine the
``Benton Delineator'' and ``Benton's Delineating Apparatus''
in his 1922 article on Benton
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{bullen1922}{Bullen 1922, 63}}.
But Bullen is a highly unreliable source who simply made things up.
This same 1922 article contains his entirely
fictitious story of the origin of punch cutting in steel on
Benton's first vertical pantograph.
Sadly, this highly influential article is useless for
scholarship.
Nothing in it can be taken to be true without independent
confirmation.

Other than in Bullen,
this machine ws not called a ``delineator'' in the contemporary literature.
In 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909}},
for example, the term ``delineating'' is applied both to this machine
and to the ATF wax plate pantographs.
That is to say, when Kaup visited ATF in 1909 and the process
of typemaking was described to him by someone at ATF,
``delineating'' was just a term 
for the operation of two kinds of tracing pantographs.
It was not a part of the name of this machine specifically.

So at least for the purposes of this Census,
it seems best to avoid this term and stick to
the somewhat less elegant term known in the published literature
(its patent)
to have been employed by
Benton: ``Tracing Apparatus.''

\medskip
As noted, all traces of this machine except the patent, 
Kaup's 1909 article,
Bullen's unreliable 1922 account,
and Cost's recording of ATF oral history,
are lost.


\newpage
\subsection{Modified Machines and the Adcut Machine}
\label{subsec:ModifiedMachinesAndTheAdcutMachine}

Rehak says that:

\begin{displayquote}
Benton also buit and enhanced a small number of
pantograph engraving machines,
fitting them with his quill and cutting tool assemblies,
which enabled them to produce engravings with the same precision as
the other machines.
All have been scrapped, save one, the ``Ad-cut'' machine.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{rehak1993}{Rehak 1993, 107}}
\end{displayquote}

I had always interpreted this as meaning that Benton took
various commercial pantographs and modified them to accept his quills.
I'm no longer certain of that,
because I cannot determine what commercial machine might have
served as the base for the Adcut machine.

The adcut machine was lot 41 at the 1993 ATF auction.
It was described as
``BENTON HORIZONTAL ADCUT ENGRAVING MACHINE \#5''
and sold to Theo Rehak for \$300
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}.
It is not clear if the machine number, \#5,
is in the same set as the machine numbers of the vertical pantographs.
It may be, as these machine numbers are not 
chronological serial numbers.

\medskip
\medskip
\begin{figure}[h]
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{benton-05-adcut-dmm-2019-4243-crop.jpg}
   \caption{The Adcut Machine\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:The Adcut Machine}
\end{figure}
\footnotetext{Photograph by DMM, taken May 17, 2021 at the
Letter-kunde Press of Patrick Goossens in Antwerp, Belgium.
My thanks to Patrick.
The matrix holder sitting on the machine is not for the Adcut pantograph;
it is for Benton No.~55, which is just to the left.
A Benton cutter grinder (with a green base pedestal)
is visible just beyond the Adcut machine.
It is for both the Adcut and No.~55.}

This machine was at The Dale Guild and is now at the
Letter-kunde Press of Patrick Goossens, in Belgium.
It is of massive construction.
It has the number ``20'' stencilled onto it.
On the left side of the table a number, ``109'' has been cast into
the table but painted over.

Until 2021 it had not seemed that any documentation 
concerning the Adcut machine had survived.
However, in that year while the Printing Stewards, Inc.
were consolidating the materials of the late Gregory Jackson Walters
into a safe location 
I noticed and identified a letter-sized envelope from ATF
labeled ``Records of Adcut Machine / March 1921''.\footnote{These
records are now a part of the Gregory Jackson Walters 
Typographic Archive of The Printing Stewards, Inc.
I have scanned them, but they have not yet been published
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{atf1921}{ATF 1921}}.}
This envelope contained handwritten notes dated to 1921
concerning the setup of the Adcut machine.
However, it also contained a single sheet of notes, dated
March 28, 1930, entitled
``New Adcut Machine \#1 Tests''.
Linn Boyd Benton was alive and working at ATF at this time
(he died in 1932).
This would seem to indicate that there had once been at least
two ``Adcut'' machines.

A matrix cutting slip for the Adcut machine\footnote{For cutting
the Red Cross Outline, character C79 of ATF Handy Pack \#6,
at 60 pt.}
survives in the ex-Dale Guild materials now at the 
Letter-kunde Press in Antwerp.
This has not yet been published.

\newpage
\subsection{Wax Plate Pantographs}
\label{subsec:WaxPlatePantographs}

\begin{wrapfigure}[12]{r}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]%
        {american-machinist-v032pt2-1909-hathi-njp-32101048918864-kaup-modern-automatic-type-making-methods-1-crop-wax-plate-pantograph.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{Wax Plate Pantograph\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:WaxPlatePantograph}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909, 1042}}.  Public domain.}

These were conventional horizontal four-bar pantographs 
which were adapted
to scratch through a wax coating on a plate which could then
be electroformed to create a working pattern.
Similar methods were used at the English Monotype plant and in
other type foundries and punch and matrix production companies.
They are described and illustrated in Kaup's article on
\crMinorTitle{Modern Automatic Type Making Methods}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{kaup1909}{Kaup 1909, 1042}}.
They are shown in the introductory matter in the
1912 and 1923 ATF specimen books.

It is only an assumption that these machines were created by Benton.
We have no actual evidence, and
they are similar to other suspended drafting pantographs of the period.
But Benton was the master of pantographs at ATF
and these were a part of the entire process of typemaking 
that he refined for ATF,
so it is not unreasonable to associate them with him.

None are known to have survived.




\section{Benton Cutter Grinders}
\label{sec:BentonCutterGrinders}

\subsection{About Benton's Cutter Grinders}
\label{subsec:AboutBentonsCutterGrinders}

The most important auxiliary machine for a pantographic
engraving machine is its cutter grinder.
The cutter grinder developed by Benton was unique.

\medskip
\begin{wrapfigure}[5]{r}{0.25\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]%
        {us-0422874-1890-benton-cutter-grinder-type-1-p1-crop-fig1.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{1888\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonCutterGrinder1888}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{us422874}{US Patent 422,874 (1890)}}.  Public domain.}

Benton actually developed two cutter grinders,
each quite different from the other.
The first was that of his US patent 422,874,
filed in 1888 and issued in 1890
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1890}{Benton 1890}}.
No further information about it exists and none 
are known to have survived.

\bigskip  % A horrible kludge, but none of the other methods seem to work.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip

\begin{wrapfigure}[6]{r}{0.25\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.24\textwidth]%
        {us-0774030-1904-benton-cutter-grinder-type-2-p1-crop-fig1.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{1900\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonCutterGrinder1900}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{From
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{us774030}{US Patent 774,030 (1904)}}.  Public domain.}

The second was that of his US patent 774,030,
filed in 1900 and issued in 1904
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{benton1904}{Benton 1904}}.
It is a much more sophisticated design.
This is the cutter grinder now associated with the use of 
both the Benton vertical engraving machines and the horizontal
Adcut machine.
I'll refer to it here as ``the'' Benton cutter grinder.

\bigskip  % A horrible kludge, but none of the other methods seem to work.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip

Here are two views of the ex-Dale Guild machine now at
the Letter-kunde Press of Patrick Goossens in Antwerp.\footnote{Photographs
by DMM, taken 2019-05-17 and 2019-05-25.}

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-tool-grinder-antwerp-2019-IMG_20190517_194324-overall-no-quill-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Benton Grinder, No Quill}
   \label{fig:BentonGrinderNoQuill}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {benton-tool-grinder-antwerp-2019-IMG_20190525_163024-with-quill-in-place-rot3ccw-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Benton Grinder, with Quill}
   \label{fig:BentonGrinderWithQuill}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}

\vfill

\subsection{Cutter Grinders at the 1993 ATF Auction}
\label{subsec:CutterGrindersAtThe1993ATFAuction}

Four Benton cutter grinders were sold at the 1993 ATF auction.
Here are the auction results, from
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993, 1}}:

\medskip
\noindent
{\fontsize{10pt}{10pt}\selectfont
\begin{tabular}{ l l l l }
  Lot   & Called               & Purchaser & Price          \\
  31    & BENCH-CUTTER/GRINDER & 127 [unidentified] & \$50  \\
  36    & CUTTER GRINDER       & 9 [Theo Rehak]     & \$0\protect\footnotemark \\
  38    & CUTTER GRINDER       & 9 [Theo Rehak]     & \$0   \\
  40    & CUTTER GRINDER       & 8 [Dan Carr]       & \$100.00 \\
\end{tabular}
}
\footnotetext{The auction results
show \$0.00 for lots 36 and 38.
This cannot be correct.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{walters1994}{Walters 1994, 106}}
says that Theo Rehak purchased both of these lots for
a total of \$150.00.}

\medskip
I am unaware of what became of lot 31 of the 1993 auction
or who buyer 127 was.
This buyer number does not appear elsewhere in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}\footnote{But this
copy of the 1993 auction results is missing one page.}

\subsection{Known Benton Cutter Grinders}
\label{subsec:KnownBentonCutterGrinders}

This list includes not only ATF-manufactured Benton cutter grinders
but also Japanese-manufactured copies
(presumably, but not yet certainly,
made by Tsugami).

\subsubsection{Swamp Press}
\label{subsubsec:SwampPressCutterGrinder}

One surviving Benton cutter grinder is at Swamp Press (Ed Rayher).
He has an excellent video on its use on 
\crShowClickability{\href{https://www.youtube.com/@edrayherswamppress5570/}{his youtube channel}}
at:\\
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp8W4LRlBus}

I do not know the provenance of this machine.

\subsubsection{Letter-kunde Press}
\label{subsubsec:LetterKindePressCutterGrinder}

Another is at the Letter-kunde Press of Patrick Goossens in Antwerp, Belgium.
This is an ex-Dale Guild machine which might be one of the two
purchased by Theo Rehak at the 1993 auction.

It is shown briefly in Micah Currier's short film
\crTitle{Disciplines \& Protocols}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{currierND}{Currier N.D. [by 2016]}}


\subsubsection{Golgonooza Letter Foundry \& Press}
\label{subsubsec:GolgonoozaLetterFoundryAndPressCutterGrinder}
It is likely that the one purchased by Dan Carr remains with
Benton No.~48 at Golgonooza Letter Foundry \& Press.

\clearpage

\subsubsection{Australia}
\label{subsubsec:Australia}

\iffalse
\medskip
\begin{wrapfigure}[7]{r}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]%
        {bem-cutter-grinder-now-with-bem-50.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \caption{Benton Cutter Grinder now with BEM No. 50\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonCutterGrinderNowWithBEMNo50}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{Photograph by the owner.
Used with his kind permission.
CC-BY-NC.}
\fi

Two Benton cutter-grinders survive with Machine No.~50 in Australia.
One is fully operable, the other is in ``parts machine'' condition.
Both were acquired about 15 years after the owner acquired
this Benton.\footnote{Personal communication via email on 2023-02-04.}

(See section
\ref{subsec:MachineNo50Australia},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsec:MachineNo50Australia}},
on page
\pageref{subsec:MachineNo50Australia}
for photographs of this device.)


\subsection{Known Copies of Benton Cutter Grinders}
\label{subsec:KnownCopiesOfBentonCutterGrinders}

Some number of Benton or Benton-style cutter grinders survive in Japan.
I have no information on whether they are actual ATF-manufactured
Benton cutter grinders or (more likely) Japanese-made
copies (probably by Tsugami).


\subsubsection{Chiba University Engineering Department Museum}
\label{subsubsec:ChibaUniversityEngineeringDepartmentMuseumCutterGrinder}

Possibly as many as two
Benton-style cutter grinders are
preserved in the ``Old Collections Room'' of the
Faculty of Engineering at Chiba University.
The uncertainty over the number of cutter grinders is due to the fact
that the illustration of the second of them on the web page
describing this collection is not of a cutter grinder but is
a repetition of an earlier photograph of a cutter inspection microscope.
The uncertainty over the status of this collection 
is due to the fact that their website was last updated in 2007
and as of 2023 I can find no other information about it online.
It is not clear if these are actual ATF Benton cutter grinders (unlikely)
or Japanese-manufactured copies (presumably by Tsugami,
which is likely).

The first of these cutter grinders is illustrated in the
\crMinorTitle{Chiba University Engineering Digital Museum}
website at
\url{https://www.f-eng.chiba-u.jp/dm/ocr/index_pr.htm}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{chiba2007}{Chiba 2007}}.

This collection also houses a Tsugami pantograph.
See 
section \ref{subsubsec:ChibaUniversityEngineeringDepartmentMuseum},\\
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsubsec:ChibaUniversityEngineeringDepartmentMuseum}},
page \pageref{subsubsec:ChibaUniversityEngineeringDepartmentMuseum}
for further discussion.

\subsubsection{Motoya Print Museum}
\label{subsubsec:MotoyaPrintMuseumCutterGrinder}

A Benton-style cutter grinder
(probably by Tsugami)
is on display at the
Motoya [モトヤ] Co., Ltd.
Print Museum
[活字資料館, Katsuji shiryōkan]
in Osaka.

A photograph of it, with quill installed,
appears on the blog posting
\crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館見学会（第3回文字る会）.}
[\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan kengaku-kai (dai 3-kai mojiru-kai),}
\crMinorTitle{Tour of the Motoya Type Museum (3rd Letter Meeting).}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nishio2012}{Nishio 2012}}.


\subsubsection{Sasaki Printing and Publishing Museum}
\label{subsubsec:SasakiCutterGrinder}

There is a Benton-style cutter grinder
on the table next to the Tsugami pantograph at this museum.

See 
section \ref{subsubsec:SasakiPrintingAndPublishingMuseum},
\crShowClickability{\nameref{subsubsec:SasakiPrintingAndPublishingMuseum}},
on page 
\pageref{subsubsec:SasakiPrintingAndPublishingMuseum}
for more information.

In particular, it is shown on a photograph on the museum's
Facebook account, dated 2011-10-03
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sasaki2011}{Sasaki 2011}}.
It is also shown in the Google maps Street View
``Virtual Tour'' of the museum
as linked on the museum's website:
\url{https://www.katsujikan.jp/index.html}


\section{Tsugami and Fujikoshi Pantographs}
\label{sec:TsugamiAndFujikoshiPantographs}

Some later typographical pantographs were based on Benton's
vertical machines.
An example of such a machine would be the one developed by
Frank Hinman Pierpont for the English Monotype firm.

But these were inspired by Benton's work;
they were not close copies.
The primary example of which I am aware of a machine which was
very closely based on a Benton vertical pantograph
is the one manufactured by the Tsugami company\footnote{The
Tsugami Corporation still exists as an important precision engineering
and instrument firm in Japan.
Their corporate website's history page indicates that they were
founded in 1928 as Tsugami Mfg., Co., Ltd.
While they did offer stock on Japanese exchanges in 1949
(the same year as they introduced their pantograph),
they did not change their corporate name to the Tsugami Corporation
until 1970 (at which point they were still offering pantographs
for sale.
I'll refer to them here by their earlier name
or simply as Tsugami.
See:
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{tsugami2015}{Tsugami 2015}}.}
in Japan from 1949 through at least the 1970s.
This was directly reverse-engineered from a Type 2a Benton 
vertical pantograph.
The Fujikoshi firm\footnote{This company also still exists, as
a Japan-based multinational machinery manufacturer,
the Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation.
The history pages on its corporate website (English language version)
say that it was founded in 1928 as 
Fujikoshi Steel Industry Co., Ltd.
It adopted ``Nachi'' as a trademark in 1929,
but did not formally rename itself the Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation
until 1963.
Since the pantographs discussed here were introduced in 1949,
I'll use the name this company had then, ``Fujikoshi.''
Note, though, that it is possible that
their pantographs might bear the ``Nachi'' brand
(I have yet to see a photograph of one).
See
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nachifujikoshi2021a}{Nachi-Fujikoshi 2021a}},
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nachifujikoshi2021b}{Nachi-Fujikoshi 2021b}},
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nachifujikoshi2021c}{Nachi-Fujikoshi 2021c}},
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nachifujikoshi2021d}{Nachi-Fujikoshi 2021d}}.
}
also made some number of machines
as a result of the same reverse engineering project.


\medskip
\medskip
\begin{displayquote}
\noindent
\textbf{CAUTION:}

\noindent
These machines were made in Japan and survive in Japan, Taiwan,
and South Korea.
I can read none of the languages of these countries
and am here relying upon Google Translate.
To the native speakers of these languages, I apologize for the
errors that I must certainly be making.
All readers are cautioned that the information here should be
treated with care and independently confirmed before relying upon it.
I would greatly appreciate corrections of any errors
from native or expert speakers of these languages.
\end{displayquote}

\subsection{Origins of the Tsugami Pantograph}
\label{subsec:OriginsOfTheTsugamiPantograph}

The origins of the Tsugami pantograph
are discussed in some detail in several of Yuki's columns,
including
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki542020}{Yuki No.~54 2020}},
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki542020}{Yuki No.~55 2020}},
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki522020}{Yuki No.~52 2020}}.

I will not attempt to summarize them in detail here
because I do not want to introduce mistakes into this history.
The original columns are available online and may be read with
the help of machine translation if, like me, you do not read Japanese.

Very briefly, the engineering process began in 1948
and was conducted by the Tsugami company.
They based their design specifically on the Type 2b Benton pantograph at
Sanseido Publishing,
but they took into account the needs of Japanese character development.
The first machines were delivered for production in 1949.
Yuki's column 55 reproduces a photograph from September 20, 1949
showing the first two machines along with some of the executive team
and others involved in the project.

A blog posting on the Robundo publishing site,
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{robundo2013}{Robundo 2013}},
has additional information about the origins of the Tsugami.
It transcribes the results of a meeting in which
Katashio Jiro\footnote{This Japanese name is presented in the
traditional order.  Katashio is the family name.},
president of Robundo,
had this to say about the origins of the Tsugami:

\begin{displayquote}
大日本印刷機械部と津上製作所の技術者たちは、解体することなく採寸・スケッチして、
そこから模倣国産機をつくったわけですから、日本の工業技術力は、敗戦直後とはいえ高
かったわけです
\end{displayquote}

\begin{displayquote}
Dainippon'insatsu kikai-bu to Tsu-jō seisakusho no \\
gijutsu-sha-tachi wa, kaitai suru koto naku saisun suketchi shite, soko kara mohō kokusan-ki o tsukutta wakedesukara, Nihon no kōgyō gijutsu-ryoku wa, haisen chokugo to wa ie takakatta \\
wakedesu\footnote{Translation by Google Translate.}
\end{displayquote}

\begin{displayquote}
Engineers from the
Dai Nippon Printing Machinery Department and
Tsugami Seisakusho took measurements and sketched the machines
without dismantling them, and then used them to create domestically
produced machines that imitated them.
\end{displayquote}

If this is the case, it is very interesting that they did not
dismantle the original Benton pantograph.



The Tsugami was offered for sale until at least the 1970s.
Yuki's column 52 reprints the cover of a 1971 sales brochure.
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki522020}{Yuki No.~52 2020}}.

It is possible that there was more than one variation of 
the Tsugami machine.
The sales brochure from 1971 refers to a matrix engraving machine
``T-TME''.
The Tsugami instruction manual shown in
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki572020}{Yuki No.~57 2020}}
is for a machine ``T-PTP''.
Until someone who knows Japanese can review this material,
though, this must remain a hypothesis.


\subsection{Origins of the Fujikoshi Pantograph}
\label{subsec:OriginsOfTheFujikoshiPantograph}

Much less information is available about the Fujikoshi pantograph.

Yuki documents its introduction in 1949
and reprints an un-illustrated sales brochure
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki562020}{Yuki No.~56 2020}}.
In another column, she
says that it was cheaper than the Tsugami, but
that its accuracy was inferior
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.

I have not been able to discover a published photograph of
a Fujikoshi machine.



\subsection{Tsugami and Fujikoshi Production Quantities}
\label{subsec:TsugamiAndFujioshiProductionQuantities}

Several Japanese firms involved in printing,
matrix manufacturing (as a business in its own right),
and type composing machinery manufacturing
employed substantial numbers of machines.
We have figures for a few:

The Motoya Print Museum website says that at that company's
peak of matrix production in 1955 (Showa 30)
they had installed ``more than 20'' Tsugami engraving machines.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{motoya2009}{Motoya 2009}}
or view it directly at
\url{https://www.motoya.co.jp/business/katsuji.html}

\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.
reports that at its peak Iwata had about 20 Tsugami machines
installed in-house
and that it had at its disposal the outsourced capabilities of 30 more.
        
Yuki reports that
Nippon Typewriter (日本タイプライタ, Nihon taipuraita)
at one time had 50 Benton-style engraving machines
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.

Yuki reports that
Tokyo Kikei Seisakusho (東京機械製作所, Tōkyōkikaiseisakusho;
Tokyo Machine Works)
at one time had 50 Benton-style engraving machines
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.

At a minimum this gives 90 machines (assuming that Iwata's
outsourced machines were at these other firms),
but (assuming they were elsewhere) this gives a figure of 120.
This figure does not include smaller firms such as Yokohama Seikosho
(「横浜精工所」;
see 
section \ref{subsubsec:AgataManufacturingYamanashiCityTo2012}
on Agata Seisakusho).

Even with these highly incomplete figures,
it is clear that there were many more 
Tsugami and/or Fujikoshi pantographs
made than US-manufactured Bentons.



\newpage
\subsection{Surviving Tsugami Pantographs}
\label{subsec:SurvivingTsugamiPantographs}

This section identifies those surviving Tsugami 
pantographic engraving machines for which there is
recent evidence of their survival.

Please note, once again, that I do not read 
Japanese, Chinese, or Korean.
I'm relying heavily on Google Translate.
There are probably errors here in my handling of languages
other than English

I apologize that I do not have permission to post any photographs
of these machines.
If you wish to see them,
follow the various links to these images online
(or, if possible,
visit the machines themselves --- several are on public display.)


\subsubsection{Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum}
\label{subsubsec:BanknoteAndPostageStampMuseum}

As discussed earlier, the Japanese government's
[National] Printing Bureau [国立印刷局,
Kokuritsu Insatsu-kyoku]
acquired an ATF-manufactured Benton pantograph in 1912.
This machine does not survive.
However, the NPB has a museum,
お札と切手の博物館
[Osatsu to kitte no hakubutsukan,
Museum of banknotes and stamps;
but ``Banknote \& Postage Stamp Museum,'' 
in English, on their website].\footnote{See the museum's history page at
\url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/about/history.html}}
which has on display a Tsugami pangtograph manufactured in 1956.
It is displayed complete with its Power Stand.
See the museum's web page for this pantograph at:
\url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/tenji/gallery/benton.html}
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{npbTsugamiND}{NPB Tsugami N.D.}}



\newpage
\subsubsection{Cheongju Early Printing Museum, Cheongju, South Korea}
\label{subsubsec:CheongjuEarlyPrintingMuseumCheongjuSouthKorea}

The
Cheongju Early Printing Museum
in Cheongju, South Korea
exhibits a Tsugami pantograph in their
Modern and Contemporary Printing Exhibition Hall
(근현대인쇄전시관).
The museum's website shows this hall online at:
\url{http://jikjiworld.cheongju.go.kr/jikjiworld/contents.do?key=17480}.
Image 5 of this presentation, reproduced below,
shows the Tsugami.
(I have confirmation from a friend who has visited the museum
that the pantograph on display is a Tsugami.
He also noted that in a display case next to this
they also have two quills for this machine.)

\medskip
\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {cheongju-early-printing-museum-cts17480_gallery_img5.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Modern and Contemporary Printing Exhibition Hall, Image 5\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ModernAndContemporaryPrintingExhibitionHallImage5}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{This image is \emph{not} licensed under the same terms
as the rest of this document.
It is copyright \textcopyright\ by the
Cheongju Early Printing Museum
and it is licensed under the Korean Open Government License,
with the terms
``Indication of Source'' (BY),
``Prohibition of Commercial Use'' (NC), and
``Prohibition of Alteration'' (ND).
See \url{https://www.kogl.or.kr/index.do} \enskip
This license is more restrictive than the license used
for most of the material in this census.
If you re-use the work of this census and choose to include this
image, you must abide by its license terms.}


\newpage
\subsubsection{Chiba University Engineering Department Museum}
\label{subsubsec:ChibaUniversityEngineeringDepartmentMuseum}

The
Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University
[千葉大学工学部,\\
Chibadaigaku kōgakubu]
has (or had as of 2007, the last update date of its website) a
``Collection Reference Room''
[収蔵品資料室, Shūzō-hin shiryō-shitsu],
aka ``Old Collections Room.''\footnote{Name in English on their site.}
This departmental collection was documented in a website entitled
\crMinorTitle{Chiba University Engineering Digital Museum /
Old Collections Room} at
\url{https://www.f-eng.chiba-u.jp/dm/ocr/index_pr.htm}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{chiba2007}{Chiba 2007}}.

This departmental museum preserved several items
of interest here,
including a
Tsugami pantograph (with power stand),
said to be from the first production year of 1948.
The website calls this a
ベントン彫刻機
[Benton chōkoku-ki,
Benton Matrix Cutting Machine\footnote{Google Translate says
``Benton Engraving Machine.''}

The collection also includes either one or two
Benton-style cutter grinders\footnote{The entries call out
two machines, but the photograph for the second seems to be
a repetition of an earlier photograph of the cutter inspection microscope.}
(called a
ベントン附属作業台, Benton fuzoku sagyō-dai, Benton Attached Workbench),
a cutter inspection microscope
(ベントン附属顕微鏡, Benton fuzoku kenbikyō, Benton Attached Microscope),
and an item that I cannot identify but which, I suspect, is
probably misidentified as a
``植字台と引戸式スチール製ケース馬(5段2列5枚)''
(Shokuji-dai to hikido-shiki suchīru-sei kēsu-ba (5-dan 2-retsu 5-mai),
Typesetting table and sliding door type steel case horse (5 columns, 2 columns, 5 pieces)).

Two commercially made devices associated with the Tsugami pantograph
complete the illustrations of the collection:
a stereo inspection microscope
(ベントン附属双眼鏡, Benton fuzoku sōganky)
and an optical comparator
(ベントン附属拡大投影装置,
Benton fuzoku kakudai tōei sōchi /
Goko LP-6 Profile Projector).
There are several other items in the collection related to
letterpress printing but not specifically to matrix engraving.

The web page for this ``Digital Museum'' was last updated in 2007.
I do not know the current status of this collection.









\newpage
\subsubsection{Ichigaya Letterpress Factory}
\label{subsubsec:IchigayaLetterpressFactory}

The Ichigaya Letterpress Factory
(as it calls itself in English),
or
市谷の杜 本と活字館
[Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan,
Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum],
is located in a former building of the
Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. in Tokyo.
\url{https://ichigaya-letterpress.jp/}.
It opened in November of 2020.
They have a Tsugami pantograph on display.

This is a new museum and the provenance of this machine is
unknown to me.
It is of course most likely that it came from
Dai Nippon Printing,
but I have not found confirmation of this.

The museum has a photograph of this machine,
as it is displayed, on its
``Architectural Restoration'' web page
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{ichigayaARND}{Ichigaya, ``Architectural Restoration,'' N.D.}}.
It is displayed with its Power Stand
and it is clear that during its long years of service
it was equipped with a much more modern
electrical control box.

Another good view of the machine is in the video recording
of a discussion with author
Yuki Akari (雪 朱里)
on the occasion of the publication of her book
\crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる: ベントンと三省堂がひらいた文字デザイン.}
[\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru: Benton to Sanseidō ga hiraita moji dezain.},
\crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton and Sanseido}]
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki2021a}{Yuki 2021a}}.
Most of this discussion was held in front of this machine.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki2021b}{Yuki 2021b}}.

The museum has also posted photographs of their Tsugami
to their Instagram page.
See 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{ichigaya2020-03-03}{Ichigaya 2020-03-03}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{ichigaya2021-01-23}{Ichigaya 2021-01-23}}.







\newpage
\subsubsection{Motoya Letterpress Museum, Osaka}
\label{subsubsec:MotoyaLetterpressMuseumOsaka}

A Tsugami pantograph is on display at the corporate museum
of the Motoya [モトヤ] Co., Ltd.
printing company in Osaka,
along with its original power stand,
patterns, matrices,
and a Benton-style cutter grinder.

What was probably the initial version of the museum's
website dates to 1997 and was online until 2017.
An archived view of it is still viewable via 
The Internet Archive's ``Wayback Machine.''
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{motoya1997}{Motoya 1997}}.

A more recent website, dating to 2009 but still online,
incorporates and adds to the material of the first.
They both indicate that the museum
dates from 1996 (when the firm moved away from metal type)
and they both illustrate the machine.
They call it a ``ベントン彫刻機''
(Benton Engraving Machine)
even though it has the name ``TSUGAMI'' cast into the front of its base.
This 2009 website also notes that they installed
``more than 20'' Tsugami engraving machines.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{motoya2009}{Motoya 2009}}
or view it directly at
\url{https://www.motoya.co.jp/business/katsuji.html} 

The typefounding division of Motoya has evolved from 
the metal to the digital and now employs the trade name
``モトヤフォント'' (Motoyafonto, Motoya Font).
As of 2023 they present two web pages relevant here.
One is a history of type (metal to digital) at Motoya Font.
It refers to the founding of the museum in 1997.
Its last entry is 2014 and it is still online in 2023.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{motoyafont2014}{Motoya Font 2014}}.
Their other page is devoted to the Motoya Print Museum,
but its content seems identical to the main corporate page,
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{motoya2009}{Motoya 2009}}.
It is at
\url{https://www.motoyafont.jp/about/motoya-typo-museum.html}

On January 24, 2022, the Japanese digital webfont service
FONTPLUS (フォントプラス, Fontopurasu;
\url{https://fontplus.jp/} )
published an online article on Motoya
(as one in a series of articles on digital lettering suppliers
whose products work with FONTPLUS' products).
This article traced some of the history of Motoya in metal type
and specifically mentioned the museum
(and illustrated its Tsugami pantograph).
At present this is the most recent reference that I can find
to the Motoya Print Museum and its Tsugami machine.
See
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{fontplus2022}{FONTPLUS 2022}}.

\medskip
There are also online descriptions of visits to this museum:

\noindent
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=0pt]
\item \crMinorTitle{ベントン彫刻機の謎.}
      [\crMinorTitle{Benton chōkoku-ki no nazo,}
      \crMinorTitle{The Mystery of the Benton Engraving Machine.}]
      This 2016 account is the most recent actual visit to the
      museum that I have been able to discover online
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nakanishi2016}{Nakanishi 2016}}.
\item \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館をお訪ねして,}
      [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan o o tazune shite.}
      \crMinorTitle{Visit the Motoya Type Museum.}]
      This contains close-up photographs of the top of the
      matrix holder and the follower of the tracer
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sekiguchiND}{Sekiguchi N.D.}}.
\item \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館見学会（第3回文字る会）.}
      [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan kengaku-kai (dai 3-kai mojiru-kai),}
      \crMinorTitle{Tour of the Motoya Type Museum (3rd Letter Meeting).}
      This blog posting has the best pictures of not only the
      Tsugami pantograph but also the Man-Nen type caster.
      It also shows a Benton-style cutter grinder and an inspection microscope.
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{nishio2012}{Nishio 2012}}.
\item \crMinorTitle{特別編　金属活字のできるまで（株式会社モトヤ「活字資料館」見学>会レポート）.}
      [\crMinorTitle{Tokubetsu-hen kinzoku katsuji no dekiru made (kabushikigaisha Motoya `katsuji shiryōkan' kengaku-kai repōto),}
      \crMinorTitle{Special edition: How metal type is made (Motoya Co., Ltd. `Type Museum' tour report).}]
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{imada2015}{Imada 2015}}.
\item \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館.}
      [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan,}
      \crMinorTitle{Motoya Type Museum.}]
      \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{swing2014}{``swing'' 2014}}.
      This is a collection of photographs on a Japanese online photo sharing
      site.  It has some particularly good detail shots of the Tsugami.
\end{itemize}






\newpage
\subsubsection{NSTM, Kaohsiung, Taiwan}
\label{subsubsec:NSTMKaohsiungTaiwan}

There are two Tsugami pantographs preserved at the
National Science and Technology Museum
in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.\footnote{The 
English-language version of the museum's website is at:
\url{https://www.nstm.gov.tw/English/}}
Photographs of these machines have been made available 
through the kind assistance of 
Mr. HUANG Junfu (黃俊夫) of the NSTM.\footnote{My thanks also
to Victor Thibout for making this possible.}

\bigskip

\begin{wrapfigure}[7]{r}{.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]%
        {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001002-photo2-nameplate-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \captionof{figure}{Tsugami T-TME 3513\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:TsugamiTTME3513IDPlate}
\end{wrapfigure}
\footnotetext{The photographs from the NSTM in Taiwan have been
provided here by the Museum and are
Copyright \textcopyright\ by the
National Science and Technology Museum, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
These are licensed under the following terms:
``The National Science and Technology Museum allows the publication of photos 
of cultural relics of the museum in academic papers,
as long as it is indicated that it is in the collections of the NSTM.''}

The machine which appears to be the older of the two
is NSTM Collection Number P0200001002.
Its manufacturer's plate identifies it as a model T-TME,
serial number 3513,
manufactured in 1969.

\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip

\vfill

\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure}
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001002-photo0-general-view-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{No.~3513}
   \label{fig:TsugamiNo3513GeneralView}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure}
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001002-photo1-on-pallet-crop-top.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Tsugami No.~3513}
   \label{fig:TsugamiNo3513UpperPortion}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

\vfill


\newpage

\begin{wrapfigure}[7]{r}{.5\textwidth}
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]%
        {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001001-photo2-nameplate-rot-crop.jpg}
   \end{center}
   \captionof{figure}{Tsugami T-TME 1981 10}
   \label{fig:TsugamiTTME3513}
\end{wrapfigure}

The machine which appears to be the newer of the two
is NSTM Collection Number P0200001001.
Its manufacturer's plate identifies it as a model T-TME,
serial number ``1981 10''.
Its date of manufacture is not specified, unless it is encoded
in the machine number (1981).

\bigskip


\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure}
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001001-photo0-general-view-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{No.~1981 10}
   \label{fig:TsugamiNo198110GeneralView}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~~%
\noindent\begin{minipage}[b]{0.53\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure}
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {tsugami-copyright-nstm-taiwan-number-P0200001001-photo1-on-pallet-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Tsugami No.~1981 10}
   \label{fig:TsugamiNo198110WithPlacard}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}%
\end{center}

\vfill

\newpage
\subsubsection{Sasaki Printing and Publishing Museum}
\label{subsubsec:SasakiPrintingAndPublishingMuseum}

The Sasaki Printing and Publishion Co., Ltd.
(笹氣出版印刷株式会社, Sasaki shuppan insatsu kabushikigaisha)\footnote{\url{https://sasappa.co.jp/}}
maintains a small corporate museum.
The best views online of this museum are in the
Google Maps ``Street View'' presentation linked from the
museum's home page at:\\
\url{https://www.katsujikan.jp/index.html}\\
Here is a direct link to the ``Street View'':\\
\href{https://www.google.com/maps/@38.2537853,140.9342686,3a,82.2y,289.71h,76.24t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipMjFMROT1zWr4ose6OXV-g0J6s_CxnILRs6_C5E!2e10!3e12!7i10000!8i5000}{\texttt{https://www.google.com/maps/\\
@38.2537853,140.9342686,3a,82.2y,289.71h,76.24t/data=\\
!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipMjFMROT1zWr4ose6OXV-g0J6s\_CxnILRs6\_\\
C5E!2e10!3e12!7i10000!8i5000}} .

This museum preserves a Tsugami pantograph and its Benton-style
cutter grinder.
Turn to your right as you enter the ``Street View'' presentation;
the pantograph and grinder are
displayed in the right hand back corner of the museum.

The Collections page for this museum is at:
\url{https://www.katsujikan.jp/collection.html}\footnote{In addition
to the Tsugami,
it shows a number of other important machines.
These include:
A Rineisha ``Man-Nen'' automatic type casting machine
(which is an original Japanese design),
an Ikegai Japanese-made derivative of the Thompson Type Caster,
a Japanese implementation of the principle of the Elrod stripcasting
machine (arranged with the pot on the right),
a Monotype Composition Caster (for European languages),
a Nippon Typewriter Co. composition casting machine for
Japanese
(the display says that this is a derivative of the Monotype,
but in fact it is a wholly original Japanese design on different
principles, using a cylinder of matrices and a
6-level paper tape (but not a Teletypesetter-compatible tape;
the sprocket hole positions are centered rather than aligned 
with the leading edge of the data holes as in a TTS 6-level tape)),
and a PAVO-KY phototypesetter.}
and the page for their Tsugami, specifically, is
\url{https://www.katsujikan.jp/collection/chuzo/collection01.html}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sasaki2020}{Sasaki 2020}}.

The installation of this Tsugami at the museum 
is shown in a photograph on the museum's
Facebook account, dated 2011-10-03
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{sasaki2011}{Sasaki 2011}}.
This photograph also shows the Benton-style cutter grinder
displayed near the pantograph.




\subsection{Surviving Fujikoshi Pantographs}
\label{subsec:SurvivingFujikoshiPantographs}

No Fujikoshi machines are known (to me) to have survived.

\newpage
\subsection{Possibly Surviving Japanese Pantographs}
\label{subsec:PossiblySurvivingJapanesePantographs}

\subsubsection{Agata Manufacturing, Yamanashi City, to 2012?}
\label{subsubsec:AgataManufacturingYamanashiCityTo2012}

At least seven Tsugami (or possibly Fujikohi) pantographs
were in operation through at least 2012 at Agata Seisakusho
(Agata Works/Factory).
I do not know what has become of these machines.

Here are the references that I know of at present:

A posting by the Robundo publishing company for the
Salama Press Club\footnote{At the time this was the Adana Press Club.}
outlines the work of Agata Fumio.\footnote{This Japanese name
is in the traditional order.  Agata is the family name.
安形　文夫 / あがた－ふみお, Agata Fumio.}
He spent his regular career as a matrix engraver for
横浜精工所 [Yokohama seikōsho, Yokohama Precision Works].
Upon retirement, he set up on his own as
安形 製作所 [Agata (安形) Seisakusho (製作所), Agata Factory/Works/Manufacturing]
in
山梨市三ヶ所
[Yamanashi-shi sangasho,
Sankasho, Yamanashi City].
He installed ``several'' engraving machines
(the Robundo posting shows photographs of two).
One of these (the grey one) is clearly identified as a Tsugami.
The identity of the the other (in a bright green coat of paint)
is not clear.
The Adana (now Salama) Press Club visited his works in 2008.
Agata died on January 1, 2012.
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{robundo2012}{Robundo 2012}}.

A video or short film,
\crMinorTitle{オの旅} (O no Tabi, O's Journey)\footnote{Through 
at least 2015 this video was viewable on youtube,
but now it is a private video.
See 
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{onotabi2015}{[O's Journey] \crMinorTitle{オの旅}. By 2015}}.}
describes the path taken by katakana character オ (U+30AA)
from a new design through matrix cutting at Agata Seisakusho
(and on through casting and printing).
This film shows seven Tsugami (or possibly Fujikoshi?)
pantographs,
six in a single row along a wall and another freestanding
behind them.

Two short videos made by or with Dai Nippon Printing (DNP)
with the cooperation of Agata Seisakusho show the
Agata Seisakusho pantographs at work.
These videos were posted to Youtube recently,
but it is not clear when the material at Agata Seisakusho was filmed.

The more recent of these two videos is by the Ichigaya Letterpress Factory
(and also DNP)
and is on the Ichigaya Letterpress Factory's Youtube channel:\\
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsxtOmKBJNQ}\\
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{ichegaya2021}{Ichigaya 2021}}.
It has good detail views of work at the Tsugami pantograph
but fewer overall views of the machines and working area.

The older of these two videos is by DNP directly and is the first
of a series\footnote{The series is a part of their playlist at
\url{https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLeedjxjGR5uvlZTrAKHQiZdISkCkvFyf5}} on the creation of their Shueitai family of types.
But it was made after the end of metal type at DNP in 2003.
So while it does show archival photographs of the use of a Tsugami
at DNP\footnote{And also electroforming baths, something
that is shown less often.}
the live sequences showing pantographs at work 
are at Agata Seisakusho.
Three Pantographs are shown, though none of these are identified
(they are just called ``Benton'' machines).
But the middle of these three is one which has been identified 
as a Tsugami in the Robundo material
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{robundo2012}{Robundo 2012}}.
The one to its right seems to be identical.
A third pantograph, unidentified and painted bright green,
is to the left.
Note also at time 3:23 two things:
a quill for the machine on a stand in the window sill
(in front of a blue-covered book)
and the arrays of followers behind the machine by the wall.
These videos well repay attention to their details.
For example, they show a method of moving the straight arm
of the Tsugami by means of attached wires for convenience
(giving ``handles'' much more like those found on the
Adcut machine or on Wiebking's pantographs).
See \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{dnp2018}{DNP 2018}}.


\subsubsection{Benton Engraving Studio in Itabashi, Tokyo. ?}
\label{subsubsec:BentonEngravingStudioInItabashiTokyo}

This may be a red herring due to my misinterpretation of
a machine translation of a Japanese-language web posting.

The Robundo Publishing blog post at
\url{http://www.robundo.com/robundo/column/?p=3362},
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{robundo2012}{Robundo 2012}}.
says that the owner of the
東京 ･ 板橋にあったベントン彫刻所
(Tōkyō Itabashi ni atta benton chōkoku-sho,
Benton Engraving Studio in Itabashi, Tokyo)
had just died (in 2012).
I have not been able to discover any further information
about this studio.


\subsubsection{Other?}
\label{subsubsec:Other?}

Several Japanese companies not mentioned earlier had substantial numbers of
Tsugami and/or Fujikoshi pantographs in operation.
I do not know if any of their machines have survived
and would greatly appreciate hearing from anyone who knows.


\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Iwata}

Iwata Matrix Manufacturing
(岩田母型製造所, Iwata bokei seizōjo),
founded in 1920,
still exists as 
Iwata Corporation.\footnote{They are now a digital lettering manufacturer
with websites at
\url{https://www.iwatafont.co.jp} (in Japanese)
and
\url{https://www.iwatafont.com/en/} (in English).}
Yuki charts their history through the letterpress era in
two columns,
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki572020}{Yuki No.~57 2020}}
and
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.
In the second of these columns,
Yuki reports that at its peak Iwata had about 20 Tsugami machines
installed in-house
and that it had at its disposal the outsourced capabilities of 30 more.

大熊肇 (Ōkuma Hajime\footnote{This Japanese name is presented here
in the traditional order.
Ōkuma is the family name.}
visited the Iwata factory in 2001, while it was still producing 
physical matrices.
His account of this tour starts at:
\url{http://www.tonan.jp/okazawa-ken/010217iwatabokei/index.html}
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{tonan2001}{Tonan's Web 2001}}.


\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Nippon Typewriter}

Yuki reports that 
Nippon Typewriter (日本タイプライタ, Nihon taipuraita)
at one time had 50 Benton-style engraving machines
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.


\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Tokyo Kikei Seisakusho}

Yuki reports that 
Tokyo Kikei Seisakusho (東京機械製作所, Tōkyōkikaiseisakusho;
Tokyo Machine Works)
at one time had 50 Benton-style engraving machines
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{yuki582020}{Yuki No.~58 2020}}.




% China
%---------------
\section{Chinese Benton-Style Pantographs}
\label{sec:ChineseBentonStylePantographs}

\noindent
\textbf{Note:}  Victor Thibout has done important research into
the history of Benton-style pantographs in China.
An expanded section based upon his work will appear in the next
revision of this Census.

\medskip

The China Printing Museum
(中国印刷博物馆, zhōngguó yìnshuā bówùguǎn)
in Beijing,
preserves and displays a typographical pantograph
with a mechanism based on the Benton Type 2a.
It is in other respects clearly an original Chinese
design.
I know very little about it
and would appreciate learning more.


\medskip
\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{.4\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {china-printing-museum-pantograph-patrick-goossens-crop.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Chinese Benton-Style Pantograph, Beijing\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:ChineseBentonStylePantographBeijing}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{This photograph and the detail from it
in the next figure are copyright \textcopyright\ by
Patrick Goossens, Letter-kunde Press, Antwerp.
License:  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (BY-NC) 4.0 International.
My thanks to Patrick for supplying this image.}


\medskip
\begin{center}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[c]{.5\textwidth}
\begin{center}
   \captionsetup{type=figure} 
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]%
      {china-printing-museum-pantograph-patrick-goossens-crop-name.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Its Manufacturer\protect\footnotemark}
   \label{fig:BentonPantographBeijingName}
   \end{center}
\end{minipage}~%
\end{center}
\footnotetext{My thanks to Victor Thibout
(in an email on 2023-02-16) for noting that this is the name of
the factory where this pantograph was manufactured.}



% Bibliography
%-------------
\section{Bibliography}
\label{sec:Bibliography}

{\fontsize{9pt}{10pt}\selectfont

\medskip
\noindent
TO DO:  Add more links to online versions where possible.
\medskip

% Kludge to solve overfull hbox
%   blah blah blah \\
%   \hskip\crBiblioIndent blah blah blah

\noindent
\textbf{Bibliographic Style Issues}

I am aware of issues/difficulties in the citation style.
The style guides for bibliography and citation in the humanities
have entered into a dark period where citations are expected
to flow into the text so smoothly that it is difficult to 
follow the citation at all.
This may suit aesthetics,
but it is a discourtesy to the reader and an impediment to the researcher.
The best remaining style guide, and the one used here, is the
\crTitle{Chicago Manual of Style,} 17\textsuperscript{th} edition
(2017), with its (author date) style of citation.

But at the same time, the inherent complexity of bibliography
has increased with the rise of online content.
While \crTitle{Chicago} has tried valiently to accomodate this,
difficult situations remain.
Examples of these, encountered here, include
undated, untitled, anonymous online content in Japanese
cited for an English-speaking audience,
where the name of the institution (as author), correctly translated,
does not fall into the alphabetical sequence 
appropriate for it.
To this you must add the fact that corporate author's names do not
always alphabetize in the same way that personal names would.
This can produce unexpected results.\footnote{So
for example something written by Hirano Tomiji would alphabetize
as ``Hirano, Tomiji''
but the ``Tomiji Hirano Association,'' correctly expressed as the
association would style itself in English,
would alphabetize under ``Tomiji'' rather than the more sensible
``Hirano.''
In such a case I will write:
``[Hirano] Tomiji Hirano Association.''}
Surprise does not suit a bibliography,
so occasionally I will have recourse to adding a
sensible first indexing term [in brackets].



\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Character Code Issues}

Unicode U+2015, Horizontal Bar, 
does not exist in the \TeX\ Gyre Schola digital lettering font.
It has been replaced here by a \TeX\ em dash: ---

Unicode U+2460, U+2461, and U+2464, Circled Digit 1, 2, and 5,
do not exist in the \TeX\ Gyre Schola digital lettering font.
They have been replaced here by the explanatory text:
[U+2460 circled digit 1], etc.

\medskip
\noindent
\textbf{Translations}

All translations are by Google Translate.

\RaggedRight

\bigskip

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{afnwiesbaden2015}{}%
   AFN Wiesbaden [youtube username].  2015.
   \crMinorTitle{Gutenberg Museum: Wiesbaden Out 'n About.}
   Youtube video, posted 2015-01-29.  Accessed 2023-02-02.
   \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwp_y1d13ls}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{atf1912a}{}%
   ATF. 1912a.
   \crTitle{American Specimen Book of Type Styles [and]
   Catalogue of Printing Machinery and Printing Supplies.}
   Jersey City, NJ:  American Type Founders Company.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{atf1912b}{}%
   ATF. 1912b/2002.
   \crTitle{Photographic Views of Central Plant,
   American Type Founders Company.}
   Jersey City, NJ:  American Type Founders Company.
   Reprinted with additional editorial material by Theo Rehak,
   David W. Peat, and Richard L. Hopkins, 2002.}
   
\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}{}%
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{atf1921}
   ATF. 1921.
   \crMinorTitle{Records of Adcut Machine / March 1921.}
   Manuscript notes.
   Jersey City, NJ:  American Type Founders Company.}
\crBiblioNote{This is an envelope containing several sheets of
   manuscript notes concerning the operation of the
   Adcut pantograph (presumably Machine No.~5).
   It also contains a single page dated March 28, 1930,
   referring to a ``New Adcut Machine No.~1''.
   It was noticed by DMM in 2021 in the materials of 
   the late Gregory Jackson Walters.
   It is now a part of the Gregory Jackson Walters Typographic Archive
   of The Printing Stewards, Inc.
   At this time it remains unpublished.}
\end{minipage}
   
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{atf1923}{}%
   ATF. 1923.
   \crTitle{Specimen Book \& Catalogue.}
   Jersey City, NJ:  American Type Founders Company.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1884}{}%
   Benton, Waldo \& Co.  1884.
   \crMinorTitle{Benton, Waldo \& Co., of Milwaukee, claim\ldots}
   [Untitled trade note.]
   \crTitle{The Inland Printer.}
   Vol. 1, No.~10 (July 1884):  21.}
\crBiblioNote{This may be the single most important trade note in the
   history of type, for it\\
   disproves Bullen's completely fictitious
   account (so often repeated) 
   of the origins of the cutting of punches in steel on Benton's
   pantograph.}
\crBiblioNote{This volume of \crTitle{The Inland Printer} has been
   scanned by the Smithsonian Institution from its copy.
   It is online at the Smithsonian's website at
   \url{https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/inlandprinte118831884chic}
   and at The Internet Archive at
   \url{https://archive.org/details/inlandprinte118831884chic} .}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1885a}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1885a.
   \crMinorTitle{Punch-Cutting Machine.}
   US Patent \\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent No.~332,990.
   Filed February 29, 1884 as application serial no. 122,534
   and issued December 22, 1885.
   Assigned to Benton, Waldo \& Co., Milwaukee, WI.}
\crBiblioNote{This is the first patent by Benton for a pantograph.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1885b}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1885b.
   \crMinorTitle{Improvement in Machines for Cutting Punches and the like.}
   UK Patent No.~11,894 of A.D. 1885.
   Filed by Alfred Julius Boult for Linn Boyd Benton.
   Specification dated October 6, 1885.}
\crBiblioNote{This is the GB patent filing equivalent to Benton's US patent 332,990.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1890}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1890.
   \crMinorTitle{Tool-Grinder.}
   US Patent No.~422,874.
   Filed January 17, 1888 as application serial no. 261,053 (with model)
   and issued March 4, 1890.
   Assigned to Benton, Waldo \& Co., Milwaukee, WI.}
\crBiblioNote{This is the first form of Benton cutter grinder.
   It is entirely different from the second form of 1900/1904.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{lbbenton1893}{}%
   [Benton] \crMinorTitle{L. B. Benton.}  1893.
   \crTitle{The Inland Printer}  11, no. 3 (June): 237--238.}
\crBiblioNote{This volume of \crTitle{The Inland Printer} has been
   digitized at least twice.
   The Google Books digitization of a University of Michigan copy
   is available at The Hathi Trust.
   ID:  mdp.39015086781211.
   \url{https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086781211}.
   The digitization by the Smithsonian Institution of
   their copy (formerly owned by the US Patent Office)
   is online at the Smithsonian's website at
   \url{https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/inlandpri111218931894chic}
   and at The Internet Archive at
   \url{https://archive.org/details/inlandpri111218931894chic}.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1904}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1904.
   \crMinorTitle{Grinding-Machine.}
   US Patent No.~774,030.
   Filed May 5, 1900 as application serial no. 15,593
   and issued November 1, 1904.
   Assigned to American Type Founders Company.}
\crBiblioNote{This is the second form of Benton cutter grinder.
   It is entirely different from the first form of 1888/1890.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1905}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1905.
   \crMinorTitle{Tracing Apparatus.}
   US Patent No.~790,172.
   Filed July 21, 1899 as application serial no. 724,584
   and issued May 16, 1905.
   Assigned to American Type Founders Company.}
\crBiblioNote{This is for a horizontal four-bar pantograph for
   producing design drawings from small drawings or 
   types to be copied.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{benton1906}{}%
   Benton, Linn Boyd.  1906.
   \crMinorTitle{Matrix and Punch Cutting Machine.}
   US Patent\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent No.~809,548.
   Filed February 17, 1899 as application serial no. 705,785 and\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent issued January 9, 1906.
   Assigned to AmericanType Founders Company.}
\crBiblioNote{This is the patent for Benton's second type of
   vertical pantographic engraving machine.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{brignell2020}{}%
   Brignell, Hannah.  2020-10-07.
   \crMinorTitle{Studying the Monotype Collection.}
   Blog posting for The Science Museum (London).
   \url{https://www.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/blog/studying-the-monotype-collection/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{bullen1922}{}%
   Bullen, Henry Lewis.  1922.
   \crMinorTitle{Linn Boyd Benton --- The Man and His Work.}
   \crTitle{The Inland Printer} 70, no. 1 (October):
   frontis, pp. 60-64.}
\crBiblioNote{Readers are cautioned that Bullen is an extremely
   unreliable source and that his outright fictions concerning
   the Benton pantograph have misled historians for a century.
   Nothing that he says can be taken as true unless it is
   independently corroborated.}
\crBiblioNote{This volume of \crTitle{The Inland Printer} has been
digitized at least twice.
The Google Books digitization of the University of Michigan copy
is available via The Hathi Trust,
ID:  mdp-39015086783449
\url{https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086783449}.
The much better scan by the Smithsonian Institution of their copy
(formerly owned by the US Patent Office)
is available on the Smithsonian Library's website at:
\url{https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/inlandprint7019221923chic}
and on The Internet Archive at
\url{https://archive.org/details/inlandprint7019221923chic/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{bullen1924}{}%
   Bullen, Henry Lewis.  1924.
   \crMinorTitle{Origin and Development of the Linotype Machine,
   Part II.}
   \crTitle{The Inland Printer} 72, no. 6 (March):  936--938.}
\crBiblioNote{This volume of \crTitle{The Inland Printer} 
   has been digitized by Google from a University of Michigan copy.
   It is available via The Hathi Trust, ID:  mdp.39015011442962
   \url{https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011442962}.
   However, the digitizations from it used here were done by 
   me from my own copy.}
   

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{cheongjimodernND}{}%
   Cheongju Early Printing Museum.
   \crMinorTitle{근현대인쇄전시관.}
   [\crMinorTitle{geunhyeondaeinswaejeonsigwan,}
   \crMinorTitle{Modern and Contemporary Printing Exhibition Hall.}
   N.D.
   Cheongju, South Korea:  Cheongju Early Printing Museum.
   Accessed 2023-01-25.
   In Korean.
   \url{http://jikjiworld.cheongju.go.kr/jikjiworld/contents.do?key=17480}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{chiba2007}{}%
   Chiba University, Faculty of Engineering.  2007.
   \crMinorTitle{Chiba University Engineering Digital Museum /
   Old Collections Room / 
   収蔵品資料室, Shūzō-hin shiryō-shitsu, Collection Reference Room.}
   Chiba, Japan:  
   Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University
   [千葉大学工学部,
   Chibadaigaku kōgakubu].
   Website dated 2007, accessed 2023-01-22.
   \url{https://www.f-eng.chiba-u.jp/dm/ocr/index_pr.htm}
   In Japanese, except for a few titles.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{circuitousrootschokmiller2022}{}%
   CircuitousRoot. 
   \crMinorTitle{Schokmiller Typographical Pantograph Engraving Machine.}
   2022.
   Web page, last updated 2022.
   \url{https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/pantocut/schokmiller/index.html}}
\crBiblioNote{The last update date of 2022 reflects the reconstruction
   of this page afer its loss in a security breach.
   As of January 2023, 
   the actual content of this page hasn't been updated since I wrote it
   in 2012.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{cost2011}{}%
   Cost, Patricia A.  2011.
   \crTitle{The Bentons:  How an American Father and Son\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent Changed
   the Printing Industry.}
   Rochester, NY:  RIT Cary Graphic Arts Press.
   ISBN:  978--1--933360--4--3.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{currier2011}{}%
   Currier, Micah Slawinski.  April 2011.
   \crTitle{Disciplines \& Protocols.}
   Article
   distributed in a blog posting, dated 2011-07-10,
   on cutting ``Iohann Titling''
   (see note below).
   Howell, NJ:  The Dale Guild Type Foundry.}
\crBiblioNote{This was distributed originally on an older version
   of the Dale Guild's website, at
   \url{http://thedaleguild.com/news/1124/}.
   This site has been namesquatted since late 2013.
   The last crawl of that website by The Internet Archive's Wayback Machine
   was on 2013-10-12,
   \url{https://web.archive.org/web/20131012034308/http://thedaleguild.com/},
   but it did not include this page.
   One Wayback Machine crawl from 2013 which did include this page 
   and the article was:
   \url{https://web.archive.org/web/20120930061451/http://thedaleguild.com/news/1124/}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This article is particularly useful as it contains
   a short glossary of Benton-specific names for parts of the pantograph
   and the processes of its use.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{currierND}{}%
   Currier, Micah Slawinski. N.D. [by 2016].
   \crTitle{Disciplines \& Protocols.}
   Film.
   Howell, NJ:  The Dale Guild Type Foundry.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{daleguildflickr2010}{}%
   Dale Guild Type Foundry.  
   Flickr.com photostream.  2010.
   Begun 2010, last content posted 2010, accessed 2023-01-30.
   \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/47496314@N06/with/6350024461/}
   }

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{devinne1900}{}%
   DeVinne, Theodore Low. 1900.
   \crTitle{The Practice of Typography:
   A Treatise on the Processes of Type-Making,
   the Point System, the Names, Sizes, Styles and Pricing of
   Plain Printing Types.}
   NY: The Century Company.}
\crBiblioNote{This has been digitized several times.
   The image used here is from the digitization by Google 
   of a Harvard University copy.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{dnp2018}{}%
   DNP.  2018.
   \crMinorTitle{＜DNPの秀英体＞その手が文字をつくるまで ～活版印刷の職人たち～ (1)作字.}
   [\crMinorTitle{< DNP no shūeitai > sono-te ga moji o tsukuru made ~ katsuban'insatsu no shokunin-tachi ~ (1 )-saku ji,}]
    \crMinorTitle{<DNP's Shueitai> Until the hand creates the letters ~Letterpress printing craftsmen~ (1) Writing.}]
   Online video, posted 2018-07-23.
   Tokyo:  大日本印刷株式会社 (Dainippon'insatsu kabushikigaisha,
           Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.)
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGkFRfRLTRE}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This video
   contains archival photographs from DNP of electroforming (time 1:15)
   and a Tsugami pantograph at DNP (time 1:19).
   At time 3:30 in the video, the sequence showing pantographic matrix
   engraving is identified as 
   ``協力 [cooperation]: 安形 製作所 (Agata seisakusho, Agata Factory).}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{fontplus2022}{}%
   FONTPLUS.  2022.
   \crMinorTitle{「活字は印刷の元や（関西弁）！」 モトヤの社名ルーツです .}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Katsuji wa insatsu no gen ya (Kansai-ben)!' Motoya no shamei rūtsudesu,}
    \crMinorTitle{``Type is the source of printing (Kansai dialect)!'' The roots of the company name Motoya.}]
   Web page / online article dated 2022-01-24.
   Tokyo, Japan:  SB Technology Co., Ltd. [SBテクノロジー株式会社, SB tekunorojī kabushikigaisha; formerly SoftBank Technology] dba FONTPLUS.
   \url{https://note.fontplus.jp/n/nd01cc9f09d25}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{goble1984}{}%
   Goble, George Corban.  1984.
   \crMinorTitle{The Obituary of a Machine:
   The Rise and Fall of\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent Ottmar Mergenthaler's Linotype
   At U.S. Newspapers.}
   (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.)}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hamambee2022}{}%
   $@$hamambee.  2022.
   \crMinorTitle{先日、印刷博物館の工房見学に行ってきました。}
   [\crMinorTitle{Senjitsu, insatsu hakubutsukan no kōbō kengaku ni ittekimashita.}
    \crMinorTitle{The other day, I went to visit the workshop of the Printing Museum.}]
    Tweet by Twitter user ``はまあ@hamambee''
    (\url{https://twitter.com/hamambee}), 7:50 AM · Mar 20, 2022.
%    This was posted to the Twitter feed of
%    YUKI Akari / 雪 朱里 @yukiakari (\url{https://twitter.com/yukiakari}).
%    @hamambee's tweet is at:
    \url{https://twitter.com/hamambee/status/1505527191756410885/photo/1}}
\crBiblioNote{This tweet has a lovely photograph of 
    the Benton pantograph at The Printing Museum, Tokyo.}


\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hirano2017}{}%
   [Hirano] Tomiji Hirano Association.  2017--.
   \crTitleCJK{平野富二 : 明治産業近代化のパイオニア.}
   [\crTitle{Hirano tomiji Meiji sangyō kindai-ka no paionia,}
    \crTitle{Hirano Tomiji\footnote{This is a Japanese name
   presented in the traditional order.
   Hirano is the family name.}: Pioneer of modernization of Meiji industry.}
   Ongoing website and blog posting series, begun in 2017.
   [No location]: 平野富二の会 
   [Hirano Tomiji no kai, Hirano Tomiji Association].
   \url{http://hirano-tomiji.jp/}
   In Japanese.
   }
\crBiblioNote{This is a website by the Hirano Tomiji Association
   recording the history and\\
   achievements of this Meiji-era
   businessman.
   He founded, among other enterprises,
   the Tokyo Tsukiji Letterpress Factory (type foundry).}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hjit2012}{}%
   HJIT.  2012.
   \crMinorTitle{ベントン母型彫刻機.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Benton bokei chōkoku-ki,}
    \crMinorTitle{Benton matrix engraving machine.}]
   Document Number 108911001019.  In the\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \crTitle{History of Japanese Industrial Technology}
   database.
   Web page showing a\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent  database entry.
   Tokyo, Japan:  National Museum of Nature and Science.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent In Japanese.
   \url{https://sts.kahaku.go.jp/sts/detail.php?no=108911001019}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This survey records the ATF Benton at the Toppan printing
   museum in 2012.  It confirms that it was manufactured by 
   American Type Founders Co.}


\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hopkins1981}{}%
   Hopkins, Richard L. 1981.
   \crMinorTitle{The Living Legend:  American Type Founders Company.}
   Photo essay with captions.
   \crTitle{American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter}
   [whole number] 6 (May).  Pages 7--14.}
\crBiblioNote{The ATF Newsletters are online at CircuitousRoot:
   \url{https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/atf/newsletter/index.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hopkins1994}{}%
   Hopkins, Richard L. [anonymously] 1994.
   \crMinorTitle{American Type Founders Company:
   A Troubled Report On Its Demise.}
   \crTitle{American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter}
   [whole number] 18 (June).  Pages 2--17.}
\crBiblioNote{The ATF Newsletters are online at CircuitousRoot:
   \url{https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/atf/newsletter/index.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{hounshell1894}{}%
   Hounshell, David A.  1984.
   \crTitle{From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932:
   The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States.}
   Baltimore, MD:  The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   ISBN:  0-8018-3158-X.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{ichigaya2020-03-03}{}%
   Ichigaya Letterpress Factory. 2020-03-03.
   [Instagram posting showing their Tsugami pantograph.]
   Tokyo:  Ichigaya Letterpress Factory 
           (市谷の杜 本と活字館, Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan,
           Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum).
   \url{https://www.instagram.com/p/CaojudwOrVa/}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This Instagram posting has two photogaphs.
   The first shows a closeup of the cutter.
   It is rather dark, but this is a difficult photograph to take.
   The second shows the matrix holder level of the machine.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{ichigaya2021-01-23}{}%
   Ichigaya Letterpress Factory. 2021-01-23.
   [Instagram posting showing their Tsugami pantograph.]
   Tokyo:  Ichigaya Letterpress Factory 
           (市谷の杜 本と活字館, Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan,
           Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum).
   \url{https://www.instagram.com/p/CKYMATajZxa/}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This Instagram posting has two photogaphs.
   The first shows a good closeup of the matrix holder level of their
   Tsugami.
   The second shows a good overall view of the machine.
   I do like the fact that Dai Nippon installed a great big friendly red
   EPO button on it!}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{ichigaya20210-8-21}{}%
   Ichigaya Letterpress Factory. 2021.
   \crMinorTitle{活版印刷の流れ／市谷の杜 本と活字館 活版印刷映像アーカイブ その1.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Katsuban'insatsu no nagare/ Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan katsuban'insatsu eizō ākaibu sono 1,}
    \crMinorTitle{The Flow of Letterpress Printing / Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum Letterpress Video Archive Part 1.}]
   Online video, posted 2021-08-21.
   Tokyo:  Ichigaya Letterpress Factory 
           (市谷の杜 本と活字館, Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan,
           Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum) / 
           DNP (Dai Nippon Printing).
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsxtOmKBJNQ}} 
\crBiblioNote{The opening title card is for the Ichigaya Letterpress Factory.
   The closing title card (time: 6:15) is for DNP (Dai Nippon Printing).}
\crBiblioNote{This video surveys the whole type-making process
   (and composition, but not printing).
   It has a brief but good section on matrix engraving at a
   Tsugami pantograph.
   At time 1:29 in the video, the portions showing pantographic matrix
   engraving are identified as 
   ``\thinspace 協力 [cooperation]: 安形 製作所 (Agata seisakusho, Agata Factory).''}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{ichigayaARND}{}%
   Ichigaya Letterpress Factory.  N.D. [after Summer 2020].
   \crMinorTitle{建築の復元.}\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent [\crMinorTitle{Kenchiku no fukugen,}
    \crMinorTitle{Architectural Restoration.}
   Tokyo: Ichigaya Letterpress Factory /
   市谷の杜 本と活字館
   [Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan,
   Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum],
   Web page.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://ichigaya-letterpress.jp/about/architecture.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{imada2015}{}%
   Imada, Kinichi [今田欣一].  2015-03-17.
   \crMinorTitle{特別編　金属活字のできるまで（株式会社モトヤ「活字資料館」見学会レポート）.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Tokubetsu-hen kinzoku katsuji no dekiru made (kabushikigaisha Motoya `katsuji shiryōkan' kengaku-kai repōto),}
    \crMinorTitle{Special edition: How metal type is made (Motoya Co., Ltd. `Type Museum' tour report).}]
   Blog posting.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://imadakin1.seesaa.net/article/416751169.html}}
\crBiblioNote{The photographs in this blog posting contain among other things
   a nice view of the front of the matrix holder.  Thanks.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{kahan2000}{}%
   Kahan, Basil.
   \crTitle{Ottmar Mergenthaler:  The Man and His Machines.}
   New Castle, DE:  Oak Knoll Press, 2000}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{kaup1909}{}%
   Kaup, W. J.  1909.
   \crMinorTitle{Modern Automatic Type Making Methods.}
   \crTitle{American Machinist.}
   Vol. 32 (December 16, 1909):  1042-1046.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{legrosgrant1916}{}%
   Legros, Lucien Alphonse and John Cameron Grant.  1916.
   \crTitle{Typographical Printing Surfaces.}
   London:  Longmans, Green, and Co.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{lockbarr1900}{}%
   Lock, William Henry and Mark Barr.  1900.
   \crMinorTitle{Improvements in Engraving Machines, such as are
   Specially Adapted to Engrave or Cut the Punches for Punching
   the Formative Cavities in the Matrices for Type, Linotype, and the like.}
   GB Patent No.~22,106 of 1900.
   Date of application, 5th Dec. 1900.
   Complete specification left, 5th Sept., 1901.
   Accepted, 5th Dec., 1901.}
\crBiblioNote{The modern publication number for this patent is
   GB190022106A.
   It may be seen online via the European Patent Office's Espacenet service at\\
   \href{https://worldwide.espacenet.com/advancedSearch}{\texttt{https://worldwide.espacenet.com/advancedSearch}}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{mahr1928}{}%
   Mahr, Karl.
   \crTitle{Der Druckbuchstabe: 
   Sein Werdegang in der Schriftgießerei dargestellt in Holzschnitten 
   und Versen.}
   [no location, but Mahr in Frankfurt a. M.]: 
   Verein Deutscher Schriftgießereien E.D.)}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{maret2011}{}%
   Maret, Russell.  2011.
   \crMinorTitle{Specimens: Making Iohann Titling.}
   Blog posting dated 2011-02-22.
   \url{http://russellmaret.blogspot.com/2011/02/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{mcgrew1993}{}%
   McGrew, Mac.  1993.
   \crTitle{American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century.}
   New Castle, DE:  Oak Knoll Books. 
   ISBN:  0--938768--39--5.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{meat2012}{}%
   MEAT collettivo grafico.  2012.
   \crMinorTitle{Atelier tipografico TALLONE.}
   Online photograph, taken 2012-06-24.  Accessed 2023-02-02.
   \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/meatcollettivografico/7442080102/in/photostream/}
   }


\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{mergenthaler1989}{}%
   Mergenthaler, Ottmar, ed. Carl Schlesinger.  1989.
   \crTitle{The Biography of Ottmar Mergenthaler, Inventor of the Linotype.}
   New Castle, DE:  Oak Knoll Books.}
\crBiblioNote{This volume contains a reprint of Mergenthaler's
   anonymously published 1898 biography.
   It also contains substantial original research by Schlesinger
   confirming the use of electroformed matrices for the ``Blower''
   Linotype.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{millington2002}{}%
   Millington, Roy.  2002.
   \crTitle{Stephenson Blake:  The Last of the Old English Typefounders.}
   New Castle, DE:  Oak Knoll Press, ISBN 1--58456--086--X /
   London:  The British Library, ISBN 0--7123--4795--X.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{monotype1925}{}%
   [Monotype] Lanston Monotype Corporation Ltd.  1925.
   \crTitle{A Monotype Composing Machine.}
   Silent film.
   London:  Lanston Monotype Corporation.}
\crBiblioNote{This film was discovered by the Ferrymead Printing Society
   in New Zealand.
   It is presented online now by 
   \url{https://printingfilms.com}.
   Note that their title card is slightly in error;
   the English Monotype firm had not yet changed its name to
   The Monotype Corporation Limited when this film was made.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{monotype1956}{}%
   Monotype Corporaton, Ltd.  1956.
   \crMinorTitle{`Monotype' Matrices and Moulds In the Making.}
   [complete number of]
   \crTitle{The Monotype Recorder}
   40, no. 3 (Autumn).
   London:  The Monotype Corporation Limited.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{mosi2001}{}%
   MOSI.  2001.
   \crMinorTitle{The Linotype \& Machinery Co. Ltd.}
   Two-page PDF format document.
   Manchester, UK:  The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, 2001.}
\crBiblioNote{The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester
   is now the ``Science+Industry Museum'' (Manchester, UK) 
   and its online collections pages have been amalgamated into 
   The Science Museum Group.  This document is no longer online,
   but an archived copy may be seen via The Internet Archive's
   Wayback Machine at, e.g.:
   \url{https://web.archive.org/web/20141002231831/http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/33870636/thelinotypeandmachineryco.pdf}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{motoya1997}{}%
   Motoya Co., Ltd.  1997.
   \crMinorTitle{活字資料館.} 
   [\crMinorTitle{Katsuji shiryōkan.}
    \crMinorTitle{Print Museum.}]
   Osaka, Japan:  Motoya Co., Ltd.
   Website dated February 1997, now offline.
   Last accessed by the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine on 2017-07-21.
   In Japanese.}
\crBiblioNote{The last scan of this site by the Wayback Machine is at:
   \url{https://web.archive.org/web/20170722171751/http://www.motoya.co.jp/business/katuji/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{motoya2009}{}%
   Motoya Co., Ltd.  2009.
   \crMinorTitle{活字資料館.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Katsuji shiryōkan.}
    \crMinorTitle{Print Museum.}]
   Osaka, Japan:  Motoya Co., Ltd.
   Website dated 2009, accessed 2023-01-23.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.motoya.co.jp/business/katsuji.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{motoyafont2014}{}%
   Motoya Font.  2014.
   \crMinorTitle{モトヤフォントの歴史.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Motoyafonto no rekishi,}
    \crMinorTitle{History of Motoya Font.}]
   Osaka, Japan:  Motoya Co., Ltd.
   Website dated 2014, accessed 2023-01-23.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.motoyafont.jp/about/history.html}}
\crBiblioNote{The Motoya Font division of Motoya also maintains
   a website on their Print Museum.
   Its content seems identical.
   \url{https://www.motoyafont.jp/about/motoya-typo-museum.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nachifujikoshi2021a}{}%
   Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp.  2021a.
   \crMinorTitle{Corporate Info., History and Milestones.}\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent Tokyo, Japan:  Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation.
   Web page dated 2021, accessed 2023-01-19.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp/eng/company/history.html}}
\crBiblioNote{This is the main English language corporate history page
   for this firm.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nachifujikoshi2021b}{}%
   Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp.  2021b.
   \crMinorTitle{Corporate Info., History and Milestones:\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent 1928--1940}
   Tokyo, Japan:  Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation.
   Web page dated 2021, accessed 2023-01-19.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp/eng/company/70s_1.html}}
\crBiblioNote{This page highlights the early history of the
   firm, from 1928 through 1940.
   It dates the adoption of the trademark ``Nachi.''}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nachifujikoshi2021c}{}%
   Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp.  2021c.
   \crMinorTitle{Corporate Info., History and Milestones:\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent 1945--1963}
   Tokyo, Japan:  Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation.
   Web page dated 2021, accessed 2023-01-19.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp/eng/company/70s_2.html}}
\crBiblioNote{This page highlights the history of the
   firm from 1928 through 1940.
   It dates the change in name to Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp. in 1963.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nachifujikoshi2021d}{}%
   Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp.  2021d.
   \crMinorTitle{Corporate Info., Origin of the Corporate Name `Fujikoshi' /
   About the trademark `Nachi.'}
   Tokyo, Japan:
   Nachi-\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent  Fujikoshi Corporation.
   Web page dated 2021, accessed 2023-01-19.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp/eng/company/name.html}}
\crBiblioNote{This page explains the meaning of the firm's name
   and trademark.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nakanishi2016}{}%
   Nakanishi, Hidehiko.  2016.
   \crMinorTitle{ベントン彫刻機の謎.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Benton chōkoku-ki no nazo,}
    \crMinorTitle{The Mystery of the Benton Engraving Machine.}]
   Blog posting.
   Undated in the text, but datable to July 2016 by its URL.
   In Japanese.
   \url{http://olj.cocolog-nifty.com/weblog/2016/07/post-78ae.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{nishio2012}{}%
   Nishio, Masaya\footnote{The author appears online as Masaya Nishio.
   I believe that this name is presented in western order and that
   the family name is Nishio.
   I apologize if I have this backwards.}
   2012.
   \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館見学会（第3回文字る会）.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan kengaku-kai (dai 3-kai mojiru-kai),}
    \crMinorTitle{Tour of the Motoya Type Museum (3rd Letter Meeting).}
   Blog posting dated 2012-12-09.
   Accessed 2023-01-23.
   In Japanese.
   \url{http://katagihara.org/report20101207.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{npbTsugamiND}{}%
   NPB.  N.D.
   \crMinorTitle{活字の文字を彫刻する機械　ベントン彫刻機.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Katsuji no moji o chōkoku suru kikai benton chōkoku-ki,}
    \crMinorTitle{Machine for Engraving Type Letters Benton Engraving Machine.}
   Web page.
   Tokyo, Japan:  Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum 
                  of the National Printing Bureau.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/tenji/gallery/benton.html}}
\crBiblioNote{This web page documents the Tsugami pantograph in
   the Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum's permanent collection.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{npb2014}{}%
   NPB.  2014.
   \crMinorTitle{平成26年度　第２回特別展: 紙幣と官報　２つの書体とその世界.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Heisei 26-nendo dai 2-kai tokubetsu-ten shihei to kanp:  2tsu no shotai to sono sekai,}
   [\crMinorTitle{2014 2nd Special Exhibition:
   Banknotes and Official Gazettes Two Typefaces and Their World.}
   Documents for a temporary exhibition, 2014-12-16 -- 2015-03-08
   at the Banknote \& Postage Stamp Mueum of the
   National Bureau of Printing, Japan.
   Web page and PDF flyer.
   Tokyo, Japan:  Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum 
                  of the National Printing Bureau.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/tenji/kako/261216shotai_tenji.html}
   and
   \url{https://www.npb.go.jp/ja/museum/tenji/kako/pdf/tenji_h26_shotai_leaflet.pdf}}
\crBiblioNote{The flyer discusses the adoption of an imported Benton
   Engraving Machine in 1912 by the National Bureau of Printing
   and shows an old photograph of a Type 2a Benton pantograph.
   The citation is not explicit, but this is probably the 
   machine imported in 1912 by the Bureau.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{okuma2001}{}%
   Okuma Hajime (大熊肇)\footnote{This 
   Japanese name is presented here in the traditional order.
   Okuma is the family name.}  2001.
   \crMinorTitle{岩田母型製造所を見学.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Iwata bokei seizōjo o kengaku,}
    \crMinorTitle{Tour of Iwata Mold Factory.}]
   Web page series on website
   \crTitle{Tonan's Web} [in English on the site].
   The pages are not dated.
   The date of the tour they record was 2001-02-17.
   Accessed 2023-01-26.
   Kasukabe City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan:  Tonan Co., Ltd.
   In Japanese.
   \url{http://www.tonan.jp/okazawa-ken/010217iwatabokei/index.html}
   }
%\crBiblioNote{This series of web pages documents a tour of the
%   Iwata Matrix Manufacturing plant in 2001.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{onotabi2015}{}%
   [O's Journey] \crMinorTitle{オの旅 / O no Tabi.}  By 2015.
   Video or short film, with title but no credits.
   In Japanese.
   Formerly viewable at
   \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAHSckibMmg},
   but now a private video.
   }
\crBiblioNote{This short film documents the journey of 
   a katakana character オ (U+30AA) from design through 
   matrix engraving (at Agata Seisakusho),
   casting, and printing.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{printingmuseum2020}{}%
   Printing Museum (Tokyo).  2020.
   \crMinorTitle{History of the Museum.}
   Tokyo, Japan:  The Printing Museum.
   Ongoing museum history page, updated in 2020 and accessed on 2023-01-23.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.printing-museum.org/en/etc/history/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{printingmuseum2023}{}%
   Printing Museum (Tokyo).  Accessed 2023-01-23.
   \crMinorTitle{ベントン彫刻機}
   [\crMinorTitle{Benton chōkoku-ki},
   \crMinorTitle{Benton Engraving Machine}.]
   Document No.~33364.
   Web page.
   Tokyo, Japan:  The Printing Museum.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.printing-museum.org/collection/looking/33364.php}}
\crBiblioNote{This is the official web page of The Printing Museum, Tokyo,
   for their Benton Engraving Machine,
   probably Machine No.~49.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{rayher2014}{}%
   Rayher, Ed. 2014.
   \crMinorTitle{Swamp Press Turns Virtual Xenotype Cherokee
   Into Hot Lead Monotype.}
   Northfield, MA:  Swamp Press.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{rehak1993}{}%
   Rehak, Theo. 1993.
   \crTitle{Practical Typecasting.}
   New Castle, DE:  Oak Knoll Books.   
   ISBN:  0--938768--33--6.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{robundo2012}{}%
   Robundo.  2012-10-11.
   \crMinorTitle{タイポグラファ群像＊004　安形文夫 ベントン活字母型彫刻士.}
   [``Group of typographers *004 Fumio Agata Benton type matrix sculptor.'']
   [Blog post by 朗文堂 [Robundo Publishing, Inc.] 
   for the サラマ・プレス倶楽部 [Salama Press Club].
   In Japanese.
   \url{http://www.robundo.com/robundo/column/?p=3362}}
\crBiblioNote{This posting contains information on the business of
    Agata Fumio\footnote{This is a Japanese name presented in the 
    traditional order; Agata is the family name}, which had at least 
    seven Tsugami pantographs.}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{robundo2013}{}%
   Robundo.  2013-03-13.
   \crMinorTitle{タイポグラファ群像＊002 杉本幸治氏 --- 本明朝・杉明朝原字製作者／ベントン彫刻法の普及者 --- 三回忌にあたって再掲載.}
   [``Group of Typographers * 002 Mr. Koji Sugimoto --- Creator 
   of the original characters of Honmincho and Sugimincho / Popularizer 
   of the Benton engraving method --- Republished 
   on the 3rd anniversary of his death.'']
   [Blog post by 朗文堂 [Robundo Publishing, Inc.] 
   for the サラマ・プレス倶楽部 [Salama Press Club].
   In Japanese.
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{http://www.robundo.com/robundo/column/?p=1194}}
\crBiblioNote{This posting contains important information on the 
              origins of the Tsugami and Fujikoshi pantographs.}
\end{minipage}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sanseido2021}{}%
   Sanseido Co., Ltd.  2021.
   \crMinorTitle{三省堂のあゆみ.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Sanseidō no Ayumi,}
   \crMinorTitle{History of Sanseido.}]
   Website updated in 2021, accessed 2023-01-23.
   In Japanese.  
   \url{https://www.sanseido-publ.co.jp/annai/ayumi4.html}}


\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sasaki2011}{}%
   Sasaki Printing and Publishing Museum.  October 3, 2011.
   \crMinorTitle{文字・活字とのふれあい  Day.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Moji katsuji to no fureai  Day,}
    \crMinorTitle{Contact with letters and type  Day.}]
   Facebook posting. 
   Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan:  Sasaki Printing and Publishing Co., Ltd.
   In Japanese.
\href{https://www.facebook.com/fureaiday/photos/basw.AbpFb_ibSl8d1He2jbRuBudQ7pstIyJMZMDycAZfwtdogVuikxj7xbmCX1SQnmdMzyCT2iPWQ7doDuqY-xeTwp0tm3Hypy0rXsQY4TE25pH1phAB8QBAuJHBX4IYx9PKiYn3Jli2sb7KeAVIuHvYeqsDSwapXaEpjA5vkAgP5Qsw2iDmVWhX8sl1MA7SpXS7dZIqOEU4w8JSRG1GJmYfyVi0/286555381373339/?opaqueCursor=AbpW-K1Yf95z01CSzVd-MwImREHBU9CjqJKbqvtijBcQZcmzp6LPHiY2iVU8hvv95OsbSQKiLEuZVFghayuajZvDf9IUqDyYOjvv_mwB-W
Bclw2Ph5KDeC3xwzRengIWzlAG3_8WBhmeGC15C6-yE9EGAXiSeStUsE2rY2NLfof9bkar5GWXAivHnr
iZ3i-Erp0RQdHAQz3ZmP2ao_0hj1CDAnkrh-1xIon2tX25apmyuyXubVn7WJ6MnelV7oiGH3dus3Xjp9
tsvOfCL5mNE1Ki2V-xOhOgyhTdq2b6xdt10K9FHpXtjM3suKu-NiwmHUhxLWGjQKedm1Pg3t9QdNkPmY
lQcoqdd_eawDkvxPVJtG-0EmNXDgM9r9iY-e5Ehv4pS9JYFuUObaRt87nOZp7LhqLWZrLHunng_2OYsnoaGSieAFkY3HrMXMLwqYtc9m9CtVtrM8nok8T6Pthn6GDyuMzRhrtDVatPHXP892Tpy3K2rw0OKqWyPxkMyNB2pRIlE0bMEv0VZCdpZ3UEzZH23fZVy1ojttJre4W6sFBR5_gjfi2i1seLygm4glAGjL3VUAGAMOjVNZVf74n-IajtomTIyqC8O3gswrZQYXivxCb8beDbHvcFFieycD5BX0Jo047IYP4S2FdazLRXdqbYZ2gdsDE-BrFIe8qEsHAtY0qGEGNfR0jRfJI77eUaGdn4BCmrToCSeepaWDz67Zg8D0AjrhN64D9OgYPU4epBoTo6KgajGAFNGUsgEfj718BaeCnjpC7qdTqDY8PfNLeM2uxWFgRfSNCHmUuNcS9D7TFf7OX2W3Zz2Gtjg0jh0iH7Ar17z5QiYgMzxju32cs5C6xyBbh6BZgguPiv_4g_HV82z0s-BibLIHYJXJp5TosiHrMkWW4N5d3adhDUmOJrNudWWdUwgFLjOZHm93EiTW7fdUtD1jNwvjbl-sg678qXNwulGT1gtaHGbMGZtvJQ5vkq16FK7nfnNOPiCvyU8Yn_tBLvnOWcESId1-SO2z1oHeKDmSWuX46xzX0MBDsquynFl_bHApvwZGuDXk2CdKdRlI0QEUOLPpsDyrOI7IsqVkXR0bd7lmIdq5pjFFtjieDC7l3reWiYGvA9mQmEnkQLuimcWsNSF74m0rRjR83BzOzf8cBmYuymAGYkQ0Ey9KfzuPE7BHqRj_Dpc2OARRL7sJHTVTqJJ-DyMpIbKKKu5FelQ_gV-3DzMsbz-Pn3}{[hyperlink to posting on Facebook]}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This Facebook posting from 2011-10-03
   shows the installation of the Tsugami pantograph at the Sasaki museum.
   It also shows clearly the Benton-style cutter grinder which
   accompanies this pantogaph.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sasaki2020}{}%
   Sasaki Printing and Publishing Museum.  2020.
   \crMinorTitle{ベントン彫刻機.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Benton chōkoku-ki,}
    \crMinorTitle{Benton Engraving Machine.}]
   Web page.
   Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan:  Sasaki Printing and Publishing Co., Ltd.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.katsujikan.jp/collection/chuzo/collection01.html}
   }
\crBiblioNote{This is the Sasaki Printing and Publishing Museum's
   Collections page for their Tsugami (not Benton) pantograph.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sciencemuseumgroup19370091}{}%
   Science Museum Group.  1937-91.
   \crMinorTitle{Science Museum Group. Punch and printing plate cutting machine. 1937-91}
   Accessed February 3, 2023.
   Web page with photograph and catalogue.
   \url{https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co37907/punch-and-printing-plate-cutting-machine-punch-cutter}}
\crBiblioNote{The catalog entry
   for this object says that it consists of the machine and
   ``3 stone printing plates''.
   This is ambiguous.
   It could either mean three lithography stones (which would be entirely
   unrelated to this machine) 
   or to 3 stone (42 pounds) of metal printing plates.}
\crBiblioNote{The original catalog entry for this object,
   transcribed as JSON data,  says that it was made by the
   ``WILLIAMS ENGINEERING CO LTD/ NODIS WORKS, EALING, LONDON, W.5.''}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sciencemuseumgroup19951516}{}%
   Science Museum Group.  1995-1516.
   % SMG00133129.
   \crMinorTitle{Benton-Waldo punch-cutter, 1995--1516.}
   London:  Science Museum Group Collection Online.
   Accessed February 3, 2023.
   Web page with two photographs, catalogue data,
   and a confused and inaccurate description.
   \url{https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8693027/benton-waldo-punch-cutter-machines}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{sekiguchiND}{}%
   Sekiguchi, Hiroyuki.  N.D.
   \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館をお訪ねして,}
   [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji shiryōkan o o tazune shite.}
   \crMinorTitle{Visit the Motoya Type Museum.}]
   Web page, undated.  Accessed 2023-01-23.
   \url{http://fontplus.sakura.ne.jp/mojimojitalk/motoya/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{slinn2014}{}%
   Slinn, Judy,
   Sebastian Carter, and Richard Southall.  2014.
   \crTitle{History of the Monotype Corporation.}
   London:  Printing Historical Society /
   Woodstock, UK:  Vanbrugh\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent  Press.
   ISBN:  978-0-900003-15-8 (PHS) /
          978-0-9930510-0-5 (Vanbrugh).}
\crBiblioNote{This is the definitive, but unauthorized,
   history of the English Monotype firm.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{soriano2013}{}%
   Soriano, Roberta (flickr.com username ``Roberta SDREA'').  2013.
   \crMinorTitle{MAINZ --- Gutenberg Museum\_68.}
   Online photograph, taken 2013-01-19.  Accessed 2023-02-02.
   \url{https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertasoriano/8578507952/in/album-72157633=051931915/}
   }

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{swing2014}{}%
   ``swing'' [username].  2014-03-25.
   \crMinorTitle{モトヤ活字資料館.}
   [\crMinorTitle{Motoya katsuji\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent shiryōkan,}
    \crMinorTitle{Motoya Type Museum.}]
   Collection of photographs on an online photo hosting site;
   photos taken in 2013.
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://30d.jp/swing/5}}
\crBiblioNote{This collection of photos has some very good detail views
   of the Tsugami pantograph at the Motoya museum
   as well as a photograph of a wall chart showing the
   pump and choker valve operation of a Man-Nen type caster.}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{tsugami2015}{}%
   Tsugami Corp.  2015.
   \crMinorTitle{About Tsugami:  History.}
   Web page dated 2015, accessed 2023-01-19.
   In English.
   \url{https://www.tsugami.co.jp/eng/company/history/}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{TsukijiKatsujiND}{}%
   Tsukiji Katsuji.  N.D.
   \crMinorTitle{築地活字の概略史}
   [\crMinorTitle{Tsukiji katsuji no gairyaku-shi,}
   \crMinorTitle{Brief History of Tsukiji Type.}]
   Web page.  Accessed 2023-01-23.
   Tokyo, Japan:  Tsukiji Katsuji / Tsukiji Printing Co., Ltd.
   In Japanese.
   \url{http://tsukiji-katsuji.com/profile.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{walters1994}{}%
   Walters, Gregory Jackson. 1994.
   \crTitle{Auction of the Century:
   The Sale of the American Type Founders Company.}
   [A booklet published as an issue of the periodical]
   \crTitle{Square Text} 9 (Autumn), pp. 99--134.
   Clinton, MI:  Square Text / Philip Driscoll.}
\crBiblioNote{This has been digitized by Fritz Swanson of
   \href{https://printingstewards.org/}{The Printing Stewards}
    and is online on their website in the
   \href{https://printingstewards.org/}{Gregory 
   Jackson Walters Typographic Archive:}}
\crBiblioNote{\url{https://printingstewards.org/ATAUCTION.html}}

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{werner1931}{}%
   Werner, N.J. [Nicholas J.].  1931.
   \crMinorTitle{N. J. An Address by N. J. Werner of St. Louis.}
   Booklet.
   St. Louis: [St. Louis Club of Printing House Craftsmen, 1931.]}
\crBiblioNote{This was reprinted a decade later as
   \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{werner1941}{Werner 1941.}}
   Both versions have been\\
   reprinted in 
   the CircuitousRoot Notebook on Nicholas J. Werner at
   \url{https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/history/punch-patrix-matrix-makers/werner/index.html}
   }

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{werner1941}{}%
   Werner, N.J. [Nicholas J.].  1941.
   \crMinorTitle{St. Louis in Type-Founding History.}
   \crTitle{Share Your Knowledge Review} 22, no. 3 (January): 21-26.}
\crBiblioNote{This was a reprint of
   \crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{werner1931}{Werner 1931.}}
   Both versions have been reprinted in 
   the CircuitousRoot Notebook on Nicholas J. Werner at
   \url{https://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/history/punch-patrix-matrix-makers/werner/index.html}
   }

\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{wilkes1990}{}%
   Wilkes, Walter.  1990.
   \crTitle{Das Schriftgießen: 
   Von Stempelschnitt, Matrizenfertigung und Letterguss: 
   eine Dokumentation von Walter Wilkes.}
   Darmstadt, Germany: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt /
   Stuttgart: Germany Hauswedell.
   In German.
   ISBN: 3-7762-0311-0 (the ISBN is the
   same for both the Darmstadt and the Stuttgart editions).}


\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{willner1993}{}%
   [Willner] A. J. Willner \& Co. [auction company].  1993.
   [Report of the results of the 1993 Kingsley-ATF auction.]}
\crBiblioNote{An almost complete copy of this provided by the
   late Dr. Ludwig Mohr is online on the
   CircuitousRoot 
   Barth typecaster pages at:}
\crBiblioNote{\url{https://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/press/noncomptype/casters/barth/history/census/index.html}}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki122019}{}%
   Yuki, Akari
    (雪 朱里\footnotemark{})
   No.~12, January 9, 2019.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第12回 印刷局とベントン彫刻機}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 12-kai insatsu-kyoku to benton chōkoku-ki,}
   \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
Vol.12 Printing Bureau and Benton Engraving Machine.}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton12} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~12,
   covers the importing of the first Benton pantograph into Japan in 1912.}
\end{minipage}
\footnotetext{This is a Japanese name presented in the text
in the traditional order.  Yuki (雪) is the family name.}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki312019}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~31, October 2, 2019.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第31回 増補：築地活版とベントン彫刻機 [U+2464, circled digit 5] 　ベントンの移籍}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 31-kai zōho: Tsukiji kappan to benton chōkoku-ki  [U+2464, circled digit 5]  benton no iseki,}
   \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
No.~31 Supplement: Tsukiji Letterpress and Benton Engraving Machine [U+2464, circled digit 5] Transfer of Benton.}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton31} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~31,
   untangles the complete history of the Benton pantographs imported
   into Japan.}
\end{minipage}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki522020}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~52,  2020-07-22.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第52回 ベントン彫刻機の国産化[U+2461 circled digit 2]　大日本印刷の決意.}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 52-kai benton chōkoku-ki no kokusan-ka [U+2461 circled digit 2] Dainippon'insatsu no ketsui,}
    \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
No.~52 Domestic production of Benton engraving machine 2 Dai Nippon Printing's determination.}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton52} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~52, contains a photograph of the cover
   of a 1971 brochure advertising the Tsugami pantograph.}
\end{minipage}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki542020}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~54,  2020-08-19.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第54回 ベントン彫刻機の量産化[U+2460 circled digit 1]　毎日新聞社と津上製作所.}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 54-kai benton chōkoku-ki no ryōsan-ka [U+2460 circled digit 1] Mainichishinbunsha to Tsu-jō seisakusho,}
    \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
54th Mass production of Benton engraving machine [U+2460 circled digit 1] Mainichi Shimbun and Tsugami Seisakusho.}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton54} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~54, begins the discussion of the
   origins of the Tsugami pantograph.}
\end{minipage}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki552020}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~55,  2020-09-02.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第55回 ベントン彫刻機の量産化[U+2461 circled digit 2]　毎日新聞社の原字制作.}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 55-kai benton chōkoku-ki no ryōsan-ka [U+2461 circled digit 2] Mainichishinbunsha no gen ji seisaku,}
    \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
55th Mass production of Benton engraving machine [U+2461 circled ditit 2] Production of the original characters for the Mainichi Shimbun.}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton55} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~55, continues the discussion of the
   origins of the Tsugami pantograph.}
\end{minipage}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki572020}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~57,  2020-10-14.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第57回 ベントン彫刻機の普及---岩田母型とベントン[U+2460 circled digit 1].}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 57-kai benton chōkoku-ki no fukyū --- Iwata bokei to benton [U+2460 circled digit 1],}
    \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
The 57th Popularization of Benton Engraving Machines: Iwata Matrices and Benton [U+2460 circled digit 1].}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton57} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~57,
   outlines the origins (but not the ending) of
   岩田母型製造所 (Iwata bokei seizōjo, Iwata Matrix Manufacturing).
   It also contains two photographs of the instruction manual
   for Tsugami pantograph engraving machine type T-PTP:
   the cover and the overall dimensions diagram.
   }
\end{minipage}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki582020}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   No.~58,  2020-10-28.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第58回 ベントン彫刻機の幅広い活用---岩田母型とベントン[U+2461 circled digit 2].}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 58-kai benton chōkoku-ki no habahiroi katsuyō --- Iwata bokei to benton [U+2461 circled digit 2],}
    \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
No.58 Wide Application of Benton Engraving Machine - Iwata Matrices and Benton [U+2461 circled digit 2].}]
   Blog posting on the Sanseido publishing firm's 
   ``Word-Wise Web'' site.  In Japanese.\\
   \hskip\crBiblioIndent \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton58} .
   }
\crBiblioNote{This posting, No.~58,
   continues the account of 
   岩田母型製造所 (Iwata bokei seizōjo, Iwata Matrix Manufacturing).
   }
\end{minipage}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki2021a}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).
   2021a.
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる: ベントンと三省堂がひらいた文字デザイン.}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru: Benton to Sanseidō ga hiraita moji dezain.},
   \crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton and Sanseido.}]
   Tokyo:  Sanseido [三省堂 ].
   In Japanese.
   Worldcat:  \url{https://worldcat.org/title/1272097268}.
   OCLC Number / Unique Identifier: 1272097268.
   ISBN-10: 4385349150,
   ISBN-13: 978-4385349152.}
\crBiblioNote{This book is based on a series of online columns
   starting in 2018 for the Sanseido publishing house.
   This series began with
   \crMinorTitle{「書体」が生まれる---ベントンがひらいた文字デザイン
第1回 はじめに},
   [\crMinorTitle{`Shotai' ga umareru --- benton ga hiraita moji dezain dai 1-kai hajimeni},
\crMinorTitle{The Birth of Typefaces: Letter Designs Created by Benton
Part 1 Introduction}:]
   \url{https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/benton01}}
\end{minipage}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{\singleColumnMeasure}
\crBiblioEntry{\hypertarget{yuki2021b}{}%
   Yuki, Akari (雪 朱里).  
   2021b.
   \crMinorTitle{「もしベントン彫刻機がなかったら、秀英体は途絶えていたかも？」オンライントークイベント.}
   [\crMinorTitle{`Moshi benton chōkoku-ki ga nakattara, shūeitai wa todaete ita kamo?' Onrain tōku ibento,}
    \crMinorTitle{`If there was no Benton engraving machine, Shueitai might have died out?' Online talk event.}]
   Online video, uploaded 2021-12-10.
   Tokyo:  Ichigaya Letterpres Factory /
   市谷の杜 本と活字館
   [Ichinotani no mori hon to katsuji-kan, 
   Ichigaya no Mori Book and Type Museum.]
   In Japanese.
   \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF2PbzTCqU0}}
\end{minipage}


} % End fontsize
\justifying




% Appendices
%-------------

\section{Appendix 1: 1993 ATF Results, p. 1}
\label{sec:Appendix1}

\bigskip
\begin{figure}[h]
   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{atf1993.jpg}
   \label{fig:ATF1993ResultsPage1}
\end{figure}

This page is from
\crBiblioCitation{\hyperlink{willner1993}{Willner 1993}}.


% Colophon
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\begin{center}
The layout of this 
monograph
was done\\
using the \XeLaTeX\ 
derivative of\\
Prof.~Knuth's
\TeX\ digital layout system.

\bigskip
\bigskip
   
\chanUnderline{Digital Lettering Faces}

\medskip
\textbf{Latin text:} 
\TeX\ Gyre Schola.\\
Based on 
URW Century Schoolbook,\\
which in turn is based on\\
ATF's Century Schoolbook by M.~F.~Benton.\\
It seems a fitting tribute.

\medskip
\textbf{Latin display: }
Gillius ADF No.~2 \\
from Arkandis Digital Foundry.\\
Based on Gill Sans.

\medskip
\textbf{Computer text:}
\TeX\ Gyre Cursor.\\
Based on
URW Nimbus Mono L,\\
which has roots in Kettler's Courier.

\medskip
\textbf{Japanese:}
TO DO:  CHECK.

\medskip
\textbf{Traditional Chinese:}
TO DO:  CHECK.
%Google Noto Sans CJK TC

\medskip
\textbf{Simplified Chinese:}
TO DO:  CHECK.
%Google Noto Sans CJK TC

\medskip
\textbf{Hangul:}
TO DO:  CHECK.

\end{center}

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\end{document}

